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Review Article (Meta-Analysis)| Volume 103, ISSUE 3, P542-558.e10, March 2022

Community-Based Exercise Programs for Cancer Survivors: A Scoping Review of Program Characteristics Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research

Open AccessPublished:August 07, 2021DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.06.026
Community-Based Exercise Programs for Cancer Survivors: A Scoping Review of Program Characteristics Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
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      Abstract

      Objective

      To describe the characteristics of exercise programs for survivors of cancer conducted outside of a research laboratory (ie, home-based or community-based settings).

      Data Sources

      A systematic search of published literature was conducted using Medline, Pubmed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus, and Embase from 1980 to January 2021. Where conference abstracts were identified, authors were contacted for other articles.

      Study Selection

      Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts and full texts of potentially relevant studies to determine eligibility, with discrepancies resolved by discussion. Included studies were reports of exercise programs or interventions in which participants exercise at home or in a community-based setting and including individuals diagnosed with cancer either undergoing treatment or who had completed treatment.

      Data Extraction

      Data were extracted using the Oxford Implementation Index and coded under the 5 domains of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Extraction and coding were completed by 2 independent reviewers, with discrepancies resolved through discussion. Data were synthesized narratively according to CFIR.

      Data Synthesis

      A total of 58 publications describing 34 individual programs from around the world were included. Of these, only 14 publications had the specific goal of reporting on program implementation and development. A variety of intervention characteristics and characteristics of individuals involved in the intervention were described. Reporting of factors related to the CFIR domains of inner setting, outer setting, and implementation process were minimal.

      Conclusions

      This review summarizes the characteristics of existing programs that have been reported in the literature and finds that partnerships and collaboration occur in the inner and outer settings and as part of the process of implementation. This review highlights key knowledge gaps to be answered to support the development of future community-based interventions.

      Keywords

      List of abbreviations:

      CFIR (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research)
      Exercise is recommended as an intervention to help manage side effects of cancer and its treatment both during the active treatment phase (ie, chemotherapy, radiation) and into the posttreatment phase.
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      Exercise is medicine in oncology: engaging clinicians to help patients move through cancer.
      CA Cancer J Clin. 2019; 69: 468-484
      Evidence from randomized controlled trials conducted within research settings has shown the efficacy of exercise in reducing fatigue, improving cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength, and improving quality of life in individuals diagnosed with cancer.
      • Oberoi S
      • Robinson PD
      • Cataudella D
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      Physical activity reduces fatigue in patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
      Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018; 122: 52-59
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      • Segal R
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      • Green E
      • et al.
      Exercise for people with cancer: a systematic review.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e290-e315
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      • Stout NL
      • Baima J
      • Swisher AK
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      • Welsh J
      A systematic review of exercise systematic reviews in the cancer literature (2005-2017).
      PM R. 2017; 9: S347-S384
      Building on evidence from randomized controlled trials, a number of guidelines have been published from both exercise-focused organizations
      • Schmitz KH
      • Courneya KS
      • Matthews C
      • et al.
      American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors.
      Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42: 1409-1426
      ,
      • Hayes SC
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      • Galvao DA
      The Exercise and Sports Science Australia position statement: exercise medicine in cancer management.
      J Sci Med Sport. 2019; 22: 1175-1199
      and clinical oncology associations
      • Cormie P
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      • et al.
      Clinical Oncology Society of Australia position statement on exercise in cancer care.
      Med J Aust. 2018; 209: 184-187
      ,
      • Segal R
      • Zwaal C
      • Green E
      • et al.
      Exercise for people with cancer: a clinical practice guideline.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: 40-46
      to support the role of exercise for survivors of cancer (defined from the point of diagnosis until the end of life
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      Seasons of survival: reflections of a physician with cancer.
      N Engl J Med. 1985; 313: 270-273
      ). In light of these calls to action, there is a need to translate exercise programming beyond controlled settings and into the community to truly improve cancer survivors’ health and well-being.
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      • Glasgow RE
      Accelerating translation of physical activity and cancer survivorship research into practice: recommendations for a more integrated and collaborative approach.
      Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014; 23: 687-699
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      • Au D
      • et al.
      Connecting people with cancer to physical activity and exercise programs: a pathway to create accessibility and engagement.
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      Many barriers exist to exercise program implementation in community settings.
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      • Au D
      • et al.
      Connecting people with cancer to physical activity and exercise programs: a pathway to create accessibility and engagement.
      Curr Oncol. 2018; 25: 149-162
      The purpose of an efficacy study is to determine whether the specified intervention (ie, exercise) has a statistically significant effect on a specified outcome; however, these studies often provide little information on optimal design features of such interventions when applied in real-world settings. Implementing a new program is resource intensive, and it may be useful to learn from programs that have been previously implemented. To date, several examples of community-based programs for cancer survivors have been reported in the literature; however, a synthesis of factors influencing implementation has yet to be conducted. As the field aims to move research into practice, there is an opportunity to learn from practice-based evidence from real-world programs.
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      Making research relevant: if it is an evidence-based practice, where's the practice-based evidence?.
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      Building capacity for evidence-based public health: reconciling the pulls of practice and the push of research.
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      Within the field of implementation science (or knowledge translation science) a number of theories, models, and frameworks exist to inform determinants of implementation and the process of implementation and to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation.
      • Nilsen P
      Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks.
      Implement Sci. 2015; 10: 53
      The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) is an example of a widely used determinants framework by which implementation can be understood.
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      • Keith RE
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      Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science.
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      The CFIR is a comprehensive, multilevel taxonomy of evidence-based constructs that influence implementation. The CFIR organizes 39 constructs into 5 major domains: (1) intervention characteristics; (2) characteristics of individuals involved; (3) outer setting (ie, external factors that may influence intervention implementation); (4) inner setting (ie, characteristics of the organization implementing the intervention); and (5) the process of implementation. The CFIR has been used across a wide range of settings and with various populations (eg, to understand implementation characteristics in a balance training program for people with Parkinson disease,
      • Leavy B
      • Kwak L
      • Hagstromer M
      • Franzen E
      Evaluation and implementation of highly challenging balance training in clinical practice for people with Parkinson's disease: protocol for the HiBalance effectiveness-implementation trial.
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      in school-based physical activity programs,
      • Calvert HG
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      An evaluation of the coverage of theoretically based implementation factors in disseminated classroom physical activity programs.
      Transl Behav Med. 2020; 10: 959-969
      and in a community-based cancer prevention intervention
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      • Harden SM
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      • Berg AC
      Mixed methods evaluation of implementation and outcomes in a community-based cancer prevention intervention.
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      ); however, a summary of these characteristics related to community-based exercise programs for survivors of cancer has not been conducted. As such, the purpose of this scoping review is to describe the characteristics of exercise interventions conducted outside of a research laboratory or hospital setting (ie, home-based or community-based settings) that have been reported in the literature using the CFIR. These findings may be useful to help both researchers and practitioners identify potential strategies for future implementation of community-based exercise programs for survivors of cancer.

      Methods

      The scoping review is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses statement extension for scoping reviews.
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      PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation.
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      An original protocol for a systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database on September 2017 (CRD42017074002). Owing to the limited and heterogeneous literature found in our search, after registration, a decision was made to follow a protocol for a scoping review,
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      because this was better suited to report on implementation characteristics across a wide range of study designs. As a result, a risk of bias assessment of included studies was not performed. Although systematic reviews are a widely used and accepted methodology to answer clinically relevant questions related to feasibility, efficacy, or effectiveness, the scoping review is a relatively new methodology.
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      A scoping review is indicated when there is a need to identify and map the available evidence, examine how research has been conducted, and identify important knowledge gaps in a field.
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      Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach.
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      Although scoping reviews are often precursors to future systematic reviews, they usually do not answer questions related to what the best practice is. A secondary objective of our registered review was to explore whether specific implementation characteristics were associated with program effectiveness. Because of the specific study design used and nature of the data reported within the included studies, we were unable to identify programs that we could confidently deem effective. Thus, we were unable to address this secondary objective in the current review. All other specifications from our registration were followed.

      Search strategy and selection

      Per our published protocol, 6 electronic databases (Medline, Pubmed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, SPORTdiscus, Embase) were systematically searched using a search strategy developed with input from the coauthors and in consultation with a librarian with expertise in knowledge syntheses. The search combined terms relevant to exercise or physical activity, cancer, and home- or community-based programs (appendix 1). Search results were limited to studies written in the English language in peer-reviewed journals, published between January 1980 and January 2021. Reference lists of key systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses identified through the search were hand-searched to identify additional publications.
      To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to target male or female survivors of cancer over the age of 18 years and report on a community-based exercise program that aimed to help cancer survivors meet published physical activity guidelines (eg, aerobic or resistance training, walking in an individual or group-based setting).
      • Schmitz KH
      • Courneya KS
      • Matthews C
      • et al.
      American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors.
      Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42: 1409-1426
      ,
      • Segal R
      • Zwaal C
      • Green E
      • et al.
      Exercise for people with cancer: a clinical practice guideline.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: 40-46
      Studies that focused on alternative or low-intensity activity such as yoga or Tai Chi, as well as therapeutic (eg, shoulder rehabilitation for lymphedema) interventions were excluded. We defined a community-based program as one that (1) was conducted outside of an exclusively research setting (ie, not conducted solely for research purposes) and (2) included supervised or unsupervised exercise that could be completed by participants on their own or in a group, in any setting outside of an inpatient or outpatient hospital setting, including at home. No restrictions were applied based on study design or program duration.
      Bibliographic records from each database were uploaded into the Covidence systematic review management softwarea and duplicates were removed. Two reviewers (S.N.S., J.S.T., A.F., and K.K.) independently screened the title and abstract of each reference to determine potential eligibility. The full text of studies passing the initial screening level were examined by 2 independent reviewers to verify eligibility (S.N.S., J.S.T., A.F., and K.K.). Discrepancies were resolved through discussion and consensus. Where conference abstracts were identified without full text articles, authors were contacted for additional publications. Conference abstracts alone were excluded because the lack of information that could be extracted.

      Data extraction

      Data were extracted using Covidence. The data extraction form was piloted independently by 2 reviewers (S.N.S., J.S.T., and A.F.) and revised prior to full extraction of included studies. All data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers (S.N.S., J.S.T., and A.F.). Any notable discrepancies were resolved through discussion and consensus.
      The following data were extracted from each eligible study using the Oxford Implementation Index, a previously developed tool designed to guide the extraction of implementation data from primary studies.
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      • Mayo-Wilson E
      The Oxford Implementation Index: a new tool for incorporating implementation data into systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
      J Clin Epidemiol. 2013; 66: 874-882
      Specifically, data related to (1) study identification (ie, country, setting, author names, institution); (2) study design; (3) intervention characteristics (ie, exercise type, frequency, program duration, delivery format, equipment/space requirements, fee structure, cost for participants); (4) characteristics of the participant population (ie, sociodemographic information, cancer type, cancer stage, treatment status), program staff characteristics (ie, training), and program delivery; and (5) contextual factors (ie, geographic location, organizational characteristics, contact with health care professionals).

      Data coding and analysis

      After data extraction, the identified data were coded in duplicate for analysis using the CFIR to examine program implementation characteristics at multiple levels. Some extracted data from the Oxford Implementation Index were relevant under multiple CFIR domains. Discrepancies were resolved through group discussion. Given the limited data on implementation characteristics presented in included studies, we were unable to sufficiently code data across the 39 CFIR constructs; thus, a narrative synthesis of the findings is presented across the 5 broad CFIR domains.

      Results

      The database search retrieved 5721 unique citations, of which 813 underwent full-text review (fig 1). A total of 4908 records were excluded because of clear ineligibility based on the title and/or abstract. Hand searching and contacting authors yielded 1 additional publication (published after the date of our last search) from an already included program. In total, 58 full-text publications describing 34 unique programs were included.
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      Energy through motion: an activity intervention for cancer-related fatigue in an ambulatory infusion center.
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      • Christensen JF
      • et al.
      Effects of recreational soccer in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: study protocol for the “FC Prostate” randomized controlled trial.
      BMC Cancer. 2013; 13: 595
      , 
      • Van Gerpen RE
      • Becker BJ
      Development of an evidence-based exercise and education cancer recovery program.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2013; 17: 539-543
      , 
      • Wurz A
      • St-Aubin A
      • Brunet J
      Breast cancer survivors’ barriers and motives for participating in a group-based physical activity program offered in the community.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2407-2416
      Fig 1
      Fig 1Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses flow diagram of study selection.

      Description of included publications

      The final 58 included publications primarily reported various aspects of community-based exercise programs for survivors of cancer. Over half of publications (53%) reported on changes in physiological or psychosocial outcomes as a result of taking part in the program through single-group pre-post or randomized controlled trial design
      • Barber FD
      Effects of social support on physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adult cancer survivors and their caregivers.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013; 40: 481-489
      ,
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • Hladysh G
      • MacDermid J
      • Serediuk F
      • Woodhouse LJ
      CanWell: meeting the psychosocial and exercise needs of cancer survivors by translating evidence into practice.
      Psycho-Oncology. 2014; 23: 204-215
      , 
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • MacDermid JC
      Exercise facilitators and barriers following participation in a community-based exercise and education program for cancer survivors.
      J Exerc Rehabil. 2015; 11: 20-29
      , 
      • Christopher KA
      • Morrow LL
      Evaluating a community-based exercise program for women cancer survivors.
      Appl Nurs Res. 2004; 17: 100-108
      , 
      • Conlon BA
      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
      • et al.
      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
      ,
      • Drake D
      • Falzer P
      • Xistris D
      • Robinson G
      • Roberge M
      Physical fitness training: outcomes for adult oncology patients.
      Clin Nurs Res. 2004; 13: 245-264
      ,
      • Foley MP
      • Barnes VA
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on physical function and quality of life in cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Physiother Theory Pract. 2015; 31: 303-312
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2016; 15: 446-454
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      • Kendall E
      Effects of a translational community-based multimodal exercise program on quality of life and the influence of start delay on physical function and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2018; 17: 337-349
      , 
      • Greenlee HA
      • Crew KD
      • Mata JM
      • et al.
      A pilot randomized controlled trial of a commercial diet and exercise weight loss program in minority breast cancer survivors.
      Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21: 65-76
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      • Hermanns M
      • Deal B
      Community-based FitSTEPS for life exercise program for persons with cancer: 5-year evaluation.
      J Oncol Pract. 2012; 8: 320-324
      ,
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Health-related physical fitness assessment in a community-based cancer rehabilitation setting.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2525-2533
      ,
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Fee-for-service cancer rehabilitation programs improve health-related quality of life.
      Curr Oncol. 2016; 23: 233-240
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • van der Peet E
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Quality of life of cancer survivors after physical and psychosocial rehabilitation.
      Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15: 541-547
      ,
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Von Ah D
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      Determinants of physical activity maintenance in breast cancer survivors after a community-based intervention.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016; 43: 93-102
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Warden SJ
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      A preliminary study on the efficacy of a community-based physical activity intervention on physical function-related risk factors for falls among breast cancer survivors.
      Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 95: 561-570
      ,
      • Murray L
      • Roth E
      • Galvin D
      • et al.
      The impact of resistive exercise and psychosocial support on quality of life and fatigue in cancer survivors via utilization of a community-based program: a case series.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2012; 30: 12-17
      , 
      • Musanti R
      • Chao YY
      • Collins K
      Fitness and quality of life outcomes of cancer survivor participants in a community exercise program.
      J Adv Pract Oncol. 2019; 10: 24-37
      , 
      • Ng AV
      • Cybulski AN
      • Engel AA
      • et al.
      Triathlon training for women breast cancer survivors: feasibility and initial efficacy.
      Support Care Cancer. 2017; 25: 1465-1473
      , 
      • Noble M
      • Russell C
      • Kraemer L
      • Sharratt M
      UW WELL-FIT: the impact of supervised exercise programs on physical capacity and quality of life in individuals receiving treatment for cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2012; 20: 865-873
      , 
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Flocke S
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program improves quality of life in African-American breast cancer survivors: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
      Int J Sports Exerc Med. 2015; 1: 020
      , 
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Kullman EL
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program in African-American breast cancer survivors (ABCs).
      J Phys Ther Health Promot. 2013; 1: 15-24
      , 
      • Packel L
      • Claghorn KVB
      • Dekerlegand J
      Cancer-related fatigue and deconditioning: a program evaluation.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2006; 24: 3-8
      ,
      • Pugh G
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Reynolds J
      • Epstone S
      Trekstock RENEW: evaluation of a 12-week exercise referral programme for young adult cancer survivors delivered by a cancer charity.
      Support Care Cancer. 2020; 28: 5803-5812
      , 
      • Rajotte EJ
      • Yi JC
      • Baker KS
      • Gregerson L
      • Leiserowitz A
      • Syrjala KL
      Community-based exercise program effectiveness and safety for cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Surviv. 2012; 6: 219-228
      , 
      • Sabiston CM
      • Fong AJ
      • O'Loughlin EK
      • Meterissian S
      A mixed-methods evaluation of a community physical activity program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Transl Med. 2019; 17: 206
      , 
      • Santa Mina D
      • Au D
      • Brunet J
      • et al.
      Effects of the community-based Wellspring Cancer Exercise Program on functional and psychosocial outcomes in cancer survivors.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: 284-294
      , 
      • Sherman KA
      • Heard G
      • Cavanagh KL
      Psychological effects and mediators of a group multi-component program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Behav Med. 2010; 33: 378-391
      , 
      • Swenson KK
      • Nissen MJ
      • Knippenberg K
      • et al.
      Cancer rehabilitation: outcome evaluation of a strengthening and conditioning program.
      Cancer Nurs. 2014; 37: 162-169
      Others (21%) primarily focused on describing program development and implementation.
      • Abbott L
      • Hooke MC
      Energy through motion: an activity intervention for cancer-related fatigue in an ambulatory infusion center.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017; 21: 618-626
      ,
      • Bruun DM
      • Bjerre E
      • Krustrup P
      • et al.
      Community-based recreational football: a novel approach to promote physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors.
      Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5567-5585
      ,
      • Calo WA
      • Doerksen SE
      • Spanos K
      • Pergolotti M
      • Schmitz KH
      Implementing Strength after Breast Cancer (SABC) in outpatient rehabilitation clinics: mapping clinician survey data onto key implementation outcomes.
      Implement Sci Commun. 2020; 1: 69
      ,
      • Conlon BA
      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
      • et al.
      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
      ,
      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      Model for a community-based exercise program for cancer survivors: taking patient care to the next level.
      J Oncol Pract. 2011; 7: 252-256
      ,
      • Heston AH
      • Schwartz AL
      • Justice-Gardiner H
      • Hohman KH
      Addressing physical activity needs of survivors by developing a community-based exercise program: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015; 19: 213-217
      ,
      • Kimmel GT
      • Haas BK
      • Hermanns M
      The role of exercise in cancer treatment: bridging the gap.
      Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014; 13: 246-252
      ,
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      ,
      • MacDonald AM
      • Chafranskaia A
      • Lopez CJ
      • et al.
      CaRE @ Home: pilot study of an online multidimensional cancer rehabilitation and exercise program for cancer survivors.
      J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 3092
      ,
      • Perry CK
      • Campbell LP
      • Currier J
      • et al.
      An evidence-based walking program in Oregon communities: Step It Up! Survivors.
      Prev Chronic Dis. 2020; 17: E156
      ,
      • Van Gerpen RE
      • Becker BJ
      Development of an evidence-based exercise and education cancer recovery program.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2013; 17: 539-543
      Thirteen publications (22%) reported participants’ experiences in community-based exercise programs using a qualitative
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Epstone S
      • Reynolds J
      • Pugh G
      Young adult cancer survivors’ experience of taking part in a 12-week exercise referral programme: a qualitative study of the Trekstock RENEW initiative.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 2613-2620
      ,
      • Brunet J
      • Saunders S
      • Gifford W
      • Thomas R
      • Hamilton R
      An exploratory qualitative study of the meaning and value of a running/walking program for women after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40: 1041-1048
      ,
      • Brunet J
      • St-Aubin A
      Fostering positive experiences of group-based exercise classes after breast cancer: what do women have to say?.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2016; 38: 1500-1508
      ,
      • Hardcastle SJ
      • Maxwell-Smith C
      • Kamarova S
      • Lamb S
      • Millar L
      • Cohen PA
      Factors influencing non-participation in an exercise program and attitudes towards physical activity amongst cancer survivors.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 1289-1295
      ,
      • Jones LM
      • Reinhoudt LL
      • Hilverda F
      • Rutjes C
      • Hayes SC
      Using the integrative model of behavioral prediction to understand female breast cancer survivors’ barriers and facilitators for adherence to a community-based group-exercise program.
      Semin Oncol Nurs. 2020; 36151071
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Cancer patients’ view on rehabilitation and quality of life: a programme audit.
      Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17: 290-297
      ,
      • Lopez CJ
      • Pritlove C
      • Jones JM
      • et al.
      "This is my home-based exercise”: exploring environmental influences on home-based exercise participation in oncology.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 3245-3255
      ,
      • McGrath P
      • Joske D
      • Bouwman M
      Benefits from participation in the chemo club: psychosocial insights on an exercise program for cancer patients.
      J Psychosoc Oncol. 2011; 29: 103-119
      ,
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Flocke S
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program improves quality of life in African-American breast cancer survivors: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
      Int J Sports Exerc Med. 2015; 1: 020
      ,
      • Wurz A
      • St-Aubin A
      • Brunet J
      Breast cancer survivors’ barriers and motives for participating in a group-based physical activity program offered in the community.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2407-2416
      or cross-sectional survey design
      • Brunet J
      • Howell D
      • Au D
      • et al.
      Predictors of cancer survivors’ response to a community-based exercise program.
      Psychol Sport Exerc. 2020; 47101529
      ,
      • Catt S
      • Sheward J
      • Sheward E
      • Harder H
      Cancer survivors’ experiences of a community-based cancer-specific exercise programme: results of an exploratory survey.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 3209-3216
      ,
      • Sabiston CM
      • Fong AJ
      • O'Loughlin EK
      • Meterissian S
      A mixed-methods evaluation of a community physical activity program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Transl Med. 2019; 17: 206
      ; 2 were study protocol papers (3%)
      • Cormie P
      • Lamb S
      • Newton RU
      • et al.
      Implementing exercise in cancer care: study protocol to evaluate a community-based exercise program for people with cancer.
      BMC Cancer. 2017; 17: 103
      ,
      • Uth J
      • Schmidt JF
      • Christensen JF
      • et al.
      Effects of recreational soccer in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: study protocol for the “FC Prostate” randomized controlled trial.
      BMC Cancer. 2013; 13: 595
      and 2 described hybrid implementation-effectiveness trials (3%).
      • Beidas RS
      • Paciotti B
      • Barg F
      • et al.
      A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors.
      J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014; 2014: 338-345
      ,
      • Bjerre ED
      • Brasso K
      • Jorgensen AB
      • et al.
      Football compared with usual care in men with prostate cancer (FC Prostate Community Trial): a pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled trial.
      Sports Med. 2019; 49: 145-158

      Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains

      Here we provide a narrative summary of findings according to each of the 5 CFIR domains, with additional details provided in tables 1-5 and supplemental tables S1 and S2 (available online only at http://www.archives-pmr.org/).
      Table 1Intervention characteristics
      Program NameExercise RxProgram LocationDelivery FormatAttendance/AdherenceParticipation SupportsCointerventionsParticipant CostEquipment, Space Requirements
      ActivOnco
      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
      		3 mo+

      AER, RES (ACSM guidelines)      		Wellness center affiliated with hospital or homeGroup-based+home exercise71% compliance (subset of participants)Ongoing reassessmentPsychosocial support

      Education

      Service referral      		NRNR
      Beauty
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      		12+12 wk

      2 × /wk 20- to 60-min AER (40-60% HRM), 1 × /wk RES 1-3 sets, 8-12 reps, 5-14 exercises      		Thrive Centre, free exercise facility for cancer survivorsGroup-based or home exercise7.5±6.5 sessions (out of 24)

      24.4% attended ≥12 sessions      		Exercise tracking

      Choice of delivery format      		EducationFreeResource package for home exercise
      Bronx Oncology Daily Living Healthy Living Program
      • Conlon BA
      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
      • et al.
      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
      		4 or 12 wk (12 sessions total)

      1-3 × /wk, 60 min      		Medical centers, churches, American Cancer Society officeGroup-based (5-12)62.5% (IQR, 40.0-80%)

      Greater attendance to 12- vs 4-wk program      		Translator, culturally tailored

      Self-management

      Family/caregivers

      Transportation

      Walking groups/local resources      		Diet/nutrition counselingFreeToolkit handouts (available online)
      Cancer rehabilitation

      strengthening and conditioning program
      • Swenson KK
      • Nissen MJ
      • Knippenberg K
      • et al.
      Cancer rehabilitation: outcome evaluation of a strengthening and conditioning program.
      Cancer Nurs. 2014; 37: 162-169
      		8 wk+6 mo

      1- to 1.5-h AER+RES (light-mod)      		Fitness center adjacent to hospitalFirst 2 sessions 1:1 with PT then individual or group-basedNRMaintenance phase

      Independent exercise in facility free of charge      		NRFreeTreadmills; elliptical, upright, and recumbent bikes; functional cable machine; track
      CanWell
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • Hladysh G
      • MacDermid J
      • Serediuk F
      • Woodhouse LJ
      CanWell: meeting the psychosocial and exercise needs of cancer survivors by translating evidence into practice.
      Psycho-Oncology. 2014; 23: 204-215
      ,
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • MacDermid JC
      Exercise facilitators and barriers following participation in a community-based exercise and education program for cancer survivors.
      J Exerc Rehabil. 2015; 11: 20-29
      		12 wk

      AER (50%-80% HRm)

      RES (2-3 s, 8-12 reps)      		YMCAIndividualized

      Supervised      		74% completed 12 wk

      85.4% continued      		NREducationYMCA membership
      CaRE @ Home
      • Lopez CJ
      • Pritlove C
      • Jones JM
      • et al.
      "This is my home-based exercise”: exploring environmental influences on home-based exercise participation in oncology.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 3245-3255
      ,
      • MacDonald AM
      • Chafranskaia A
      • Lopez CJ
      • et al.
      CaRE @ Home: pilot study of an online multidimensional cancer rehabilitation and exercise program for cancer survivors.
      J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 3092
      		8 wk

      AER 150 min/week moderate, RES 2-3 × /wk RES      		HomeIndividualized, onlineNRHealth coaching, Physitrack access, FitbitSelf-management e-learning modulesFreePhysitrack subscription, Fitbits
      Chemo Club
      • McGrath P
      • Joske D
      • Bouwman M
      Benefits from participation in the chemo club: psychosocial insights on an exercise program for cancer patients.
      J Psychosoc Oncol. 2011; 29: 103-119
      		2 × /wk, 1-h walking, exercises using gym equipmentLocal fitness centerIndividualized, group-basedNRTeam leader actively engages with members (local champion)NRFreeIndoor oval for walking, gym equipment
      CU Fitter
      • Catt S
      • Sheward J
      • Sheward E
      • Harder H
      Cancer survivors’ experiences of a community-based cancer-specific exercise programme: results of an exploratory survey.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 3209-3216
      		Low-impact AER, RESExercise facility

      Pop-up gym

      Support groups      		1:1 or group-based

      Specific classes by diagnosis/treatment      		1-2 × /wk: 82%

      72% reported other PA      		Initial assessment tailoring

      Regular review      		Support groupNRNR
      Curves
      • Greenlee HA
      • Crew KD
      • Mata JM
      • et al.
      A pilot randomized controlled trial of a commercial diet and exercise weight loss program in minority breast cancer survivors.
      Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21: 65-76
      ,
      • Sabiston CM
      • Fong AJ
      • O'Loughlin EK
      • Meterissian S
      A mixed-methods evaluation of a community physical activity program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Transl Med. 2019; 17: 206
      		6 mo

      3 × /wk AER+RES circuit      		Curves gymsGroup-based0.6-1.1±0.8 × /wk1:1 initial consultDietary counselingUS$50/mo (free during study)Pneumatic machines
      12 wk

      3-5 × /wk AER+RES circuit      		67% 2-3 × /wk1-y membershipNRCA$420/y (free for study)NR
      Drake et al
      • Drake D
      • Falzer P
      • Xistris D
      • Robinson G
      • Roberge M
      Physical fitness training: outcomes for adult oncology patients.
      Clin Nurs Res. 2004; 13: 245-264
      		8 wk

      3 × /wk, 60-min RES      		Private fitness studioIndividual (center)29% completed

      All completed >20/24      		NR1:1 consult with EPFreeNR
      Energy Through Motion
      • Abbott L
      • Hooke MC
      Energy through motion: an activity intervention for cancer-related fatigue in an ambulatory infusion center.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017; 21: 618-626
      		3 mo

      2-3 × /wk 150-min MVPA+RES      		Comprehensive cancer center is implementation pointHome exercise

      Text-messaging reminders      		NREducational materials

      Fitness trackers

      Text messages      		NoneNRSecure SMS platform

      Fitness trackers

      RES bands
      ExPINKT
      • Jones LM
      • Reinhoudt LL
      • Hilverda F
      • Rutjes C
      • Hayes SC
      Using the integrative model of behavioral prediction to understand female breast cancer survivors’ barriers and facilitators for adherence to a community-based group-exercise program.
      Semin Oncol Nurs. 2020; 36151071
      		6- to 12-mo individualized program, group circuit trainingUniversity of Otago1:1 individual followed by groupNRNRNRNZ$50NR
      FC Prostate
      • Bjerre ED
      • Brasso K
      • Jorgensen AB
      • et al.
      Football compared with usual care in men with prostate cancer (FC Prostate Community Trial): a pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled trial.
      Sports Med. 2019; 49: 145-158
      ,
      • Bruun DM
      • Bjerre E
      • Krustrup P
      • et al.
      Community-based recreational football: a novel approach to promote physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors.
      Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5567-5585
      ,
      • Uth J
      • Schmidt JF
      • Christensen JF
      • et al.
      Effects of recreational soccer in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: study protocol for the “FC Prostate” randomized controlled trial.
      BMC Cancer. 2013; 13: 595
      		6 mo

      2 × /wk 60-min football      		Local football clubsTeam-based59% continuedWeb-based portal to track testing resultsNRFree during study, regular fees afterFootball club

      Football equipment

      Coach manual
      FitSTEPS for Life
      • Barber FD
      Effects of social support on physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adult cancer survivors and their caregivers.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013; 40: 481-489
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      Model for a community-based exercise program for cancer survivors: taking patient care to the next level.
      J Oncol Pract. 2011; 7: 252-256
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      • Hermanns M
      • Deal B
      Community-based FitSTEPS for life exercise program for persons with cancer: 5-year evaluation.
      J Oncol Pract. 2012; 8: 320-324
      ,
      • Kimmel GT
      • Haas BK
      • Hermanns M
      The role of exercise in cancer treatment: bridging the gap.
      Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014; 13: 246-252
      		12 mo

      3 × /wk AER+RES      		Community centerIndividually tailored and supervised (center)50% dropoutPedometer

      Family/support inclusion      		NRFreeBands, stability ball, dumbbells, elliptical
      Get Fit-Stay Fit
      • Christopher KA
      • Morrow LL
      Evaluating a community-based exercise program for women cancer survivors.
      Appl Nurs Res. 2004; 17: 100-108
      		12 wk

      2 × /wk low-impact AER, toning      		NRGroup-based10.5 wk (5-12)

      12.5/24 sessions (5-24)      		NRRelaxation techniquesNRNR
      Kirkham et al
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Health-related physical fitness assessment in a community-based cancer rehabilitation setting.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2525-2533
      ,
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Fee-for-service cancer rehabilitation programs improve health-related quality of life.
      Curr Oncol. 2016; 23: 233-240
      		3-6 mo+

      2 × /wk 20- to 30-min AER (50%-80% HRR), 15- to 20-min RES, 5- to 10-min flex/core      		Community-based fitness studioIndividual (center) and group-based0.9±0.7 × /wk (0–2.4)

      75% follow-up      		NRNRCA$85-100 assessment, CA$70-75/1:1 session; CA$15-25/group session (some insurance)Clinic space
      Korstjens et al
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Cancer patients’ view on rehabilitation and quality of life: a programme audit.
      Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17: 290-297
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • van der Peet E
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Quality of life of cancer survivors after physical and psychosocial rehabilitation.
      Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15: 541-547
      		12 wk

      2 × /wk 1-h AER+RES, group sports/game, 30-min aquatic      		Rehabilitation center, NetherlandsGroup-basedNRSocial support (refreshment period)Psychoeducation with partners and family membersNRCycle ergometer, resistance machines, pool
      Lee et al
      • Lee CE
      • Von Ah D
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      Determinants of physical activity maintenance in breast cancer survivors after a community-based intervention.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016; 43: 93-102
      ,
      • Lee CE
      • Warden SJ
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      A preliminary study on the efficacy of a community-based physical activity intervention on physical function-related risk factors for falls among breast cancer survivors.
      Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 95: 561-570
      		6 wk

      Group: 1 × /wk, 2.5-h class AER+RES; home: 150-min/wk walking; 2-3 × /wk 1-3 s RES      		Breast clinicGroup-based+home exercise5.1±0.9 of 6 sessionsGroup sessions provide instruction for home exerciseSelf-management educationNRWeights or Thera bands
      LifeSpring
      • Van Gerpen RE
      • Becker BJ
      Development of an evidence-based exercise and education cancer recovery program.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2013; 17: 539-543
      		12 wk

      2 × /wk 20- to 30-min AER intervals, 20- to 30-min group (RPE 11-13)      		Community medical centerGroup-based80% completed programNREducationFreeStationary bike, treadmill, track, recumbent stepper, upper-body ergometer, warm water pool
      Life Now Exercise Program
      • Cormie P
      • Lamb S
      • Newton RU
      • et al.
      Implementing exercise in cancer care: study protocol to evaluate a community-based exercise program for people with cancer.
      BMC Cancer. 2017; 17: 103
      ,
      • Hardcastle SJ
      • Maxwell-Smith C
      • Kamarova S
      • Lamb S
      • Millar L
      • Cohen PA
      Factors influencing non-participation in an exercise program and attitudes towards physical activity amongst cancer survivors.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 1289-1295
      		3 mo

      2 × /wk 60-min AER (60%-85% HRm), RES (60%-85% 1-RM)      		Community exercise clinicsGroup-based68% completed program

      19±4 of 24 sessions      		Caregivers included

      User-pay model begins after 3-mo program      		Initial and follow-up 1:1 consult with EPFreeNR
      LiveStrong YMCA
      • Faro JM
      • Arem H
      • Heston AH
      • et al.
      A longitudinal implementation evaluation of a physical activity program for cancer survivors: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Implement Sci Commun. 2020; 1: 63
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Barnes VA
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on physical function and quality of life in cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Physiother Theory Pract. 2015; 31: 303-312
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2016; 15: 446-454
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      • Kendall E
      Effects of a translational community-based multimodal exercise program on quality of life and the influence of start delay on physical function and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2018; 17: 337-349
      ,
      • Heston AH
      • Schwartz AL
      • Justice-Gardiner H
      • Hohman KH
      Addressing physical activity needs of survivors by developing a community-based exercise program: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015; 19: 213-217
      ,
      • Musanti R
      • Chao YY
      • Collins K
      Fitness and quality of life outcomes of cancer survivor participants in a community exercise program.
      J Adv Pract Oncol. 2019; 10: 24-37
      ,
      • Rajotte EJ
      • Yi JC
      • Baker KS
      • Gregerson L
      • Leiserowitz A
      • Syrjala KL
      Community-based exercise program effectiveness and safety for cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Surviv. 2012; 6: 219-228
      		12 wk

      2 × /wk 30-min AER (70-85% HRm/3-5 RPE), 30-min RES (1-2 s, 8-12 reps, 60%-70% 1-RM)      		YMCAGroup-based81%-84% attendance

      71%-78% retention      		NRDeep diaphragmatic breathingFreeYMCA gym equipment
      YMCANRPeer-to-peer supportNR
      YMCA88% attended >50%Family members receive membershipSocial support

      Education
      YMCA, New York, PhiladelphiaNRNRNR
      YMCANRNRNR
      Moving Forward
      • Murray L
      • Roth E
      • Galvin D
      • et al.
      The impact of resistive exercise and psychosocial support on quality of life and fatigue in cancer survivors via utilization of a community-based program: a case series.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2012; 30: 12-17
      		12 wk

      2 × /wk, 1 h RES      		Breast cancer support centerNR20 (14-24) of 24 sessions 82% completedNRGroup psychosocial support sessionNRNR
      Ng et al
      • Ng AV
      • Cybulski AN
      • Engel AA
      • et al.
      Triathlon training for women breast cancer survivors: feasibility and initial efficacy.
      Support Care Cancer. 2017; 25: 1465-1473
      		14 wk

      2 × /wk 45- to 60-min triathlon training, AER, core+RES

      3 × /wk home exercise      		NRGroup training, individualized92% completed raceTeam-based social support; Past participants join

      Equipment loan/donations      		NRNRBicycles

      Postmastectomy swimwear
      Ottawa Regional Cancer Foundation
      • Brunet J
      • St-Aubin A
      Fostering positive experiences of group-based exercise classes after breast cancer: what do women have to say?.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2016; 38: 1500-1508
      		8 wk

      2 × /wk 60-min AER+RES      		Community siteGroup-based83.1%Individual tailoringNR$0NR
      Packel et al
      • Packel L
      • Claghorn KVB
      • Dekerlegand J
      Cancer-related fatigue and deconditioning: a program evaluation.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2006; 24: 3-8
      		3-5 × /wk mod AER

      2-3 × /wk mod RES      		Outpatient fitness centersSupervisedNRNRNutritional counselingNRNR
      RENEW
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Epstone S
      • Reynolds J
      • Pugh G
      Young adult cancer survivors’ experience of taking part in a 12-week exercise referral programme: a qualitative study of the Trekstock RENEW initiative.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 2613-2620
      ,
      • Pugh G
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Reynolds J
      • Epstone S
      Trekstock RENEW: evaluation of a 12-week exercise referral programme for young adult cancer survivors delivered by a cancer charity.
      Support Care Cancer. 2020; 28: 5803-5812
      		4 60-min meetings to develop individualized program, AER+RESYMCAOne-on-one77% attended 1 session, 61% completed the 12-wk programGym membership, online supportsNRFreeYMCA gym equipment
      Running Room
      • Brunet J
      • Saunders S
      • Gifford W
      • Thomas R
      • Hamilton R
      An exploratory qualitative study of the meaning and value of a running/walking program for women after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40: 1041-1048
      		12 wk

      3 × /wk 20 min to 5K run/walk      		Urban for-profit running storeGroup-basedNRGroup comraderyEducationNRNR
      Step It Up! Survivors
      • Perry CK
      • Campbell LP
      • Currier J
      • et al.
      An evidence-based walking program in Oregon communities: Step It Up! Survivors.
      Prev Chronic Dis. 2020; 17: E156
      		3 mo

      1-2 × /wk walking group      		8 community organizationsGroup-based (except 1)Median 12 attendees/group (range, 6-114)

      Mean weekly attendance 13.7      		NRNRNRWalking routes
      Strength After Breast Cancer
      • Beidas RS
      • Paciotti B
      • Barg F
      • et al.
      A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors.
      J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014; 2014: 338-345
      ,
      • Calo WA
      • Doerksen SE
      • Spanos K
      • Pergolotti M
      • Schmitz KH
      Implementing Strength after Breast Cancer (SABC) in outpatient rehabilitation clinics: mapping clinician survey data onto key implementation outcomes.
      Implement Sci Commun. 2020; 1: 69
      		12 mo

      2 × /wk RES      		PT clinic (group) +home exercise4 supervised group-based sessions+home exercise50.7±36.1 sessions

      48.8%±34.7%      		PT follow-up callsLymphedema educationUS$229/assessment+$US37.50/session

      (US$0-80 copays)      		Adjustable dumbbells

      Compression sleeve
      The Gathering Place
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Flocke S
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program improves quality of life in African-American breast cancer survivors: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
      Int J Sports Exerc Med. 2015; 1: 020
      ,
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Kullman EL
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program in African-American breast cancer survivors (ABCs).
      J Phys Ther Health Promot. 2013; 1: 15-24
      		20 wk

      5 × /wk 30-min walk

      2 × /wk 2 s, 8-12 reps (50-80% 1-RM) RES      		Community locationGroup-basedTransportation providedLymphatic decongestion =

      Compression sleeve

      Support group      		FreeNR
      UW WellFit
      • Noble M
      • Russell C
      • Kraemer L
      • Sharratt M
      UW WELL-FIT: the impact of supervised exercise programs on physical capacity and quality of life in individuals receiving treatment for cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2012; 20: 865-873
      		12 wk

      2 × /wk 60-min mod AER, RES, stretching      		University of Waterloo community gymIndividualized, group-based30.7% withdrewWide hours of operationNRNRGym equipment, heart rate monitors
      Wellspring
      • Brunet J
      • Howell D
      • Au D
      • et al.
      Predictors of cancer survivors’ response to a community-based exercise program.
      Psychol Sport Exerc. 2020; 47101529
      ,
      • Santa Mina D
      • Au D
      • Brunet J
      • et al.
      Effects of the community-based Wellspring Cancer Exercise Program on functional and psychosocial outcomes in cancer survivors.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: 284-294
      		10+20 wk

      Phase 1: 2 × /wk

      Phase 2: 1 × /wk

      60 min, AER interval (50-80% HRR, 3-5 min 4-6 ×)+RES      		Wellspring community-based centersGroup-basedPhase 1: 71%, Phase 2: 49%Phased approach. Discharge package at end of 30 wkManual therapy

      Lymphatic massage

      Kinesio taping

      Rehabilitation Education      		FreeNR
      Wurz et al
      • Wurz A
      • St-Aubin A
      • Brunet J
      Breast cancer survivors’ barriers and motives for participating in a group-based physical activity program offered in the community.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2407-2416
      		8 wk

      2 × /wk classes      		Maplesoft Centre for Cancer Survivorship CareGroup-based60%-100%NRNRFreeNR
      YWCA Encore
      • Sherman KA
      • Heard G
      • Cavanagh KL
      Psychological effects and mediators of a group multi-component program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Behav Med. 2010; 33: 378-391
      		8 wk

      1 × /wk 20-min low-intensity mobility+30-min RES      		YWCA community centerGroup-based+home exercise encouragedNRHome exercise tracking

      Coordinator check-in      		Education

      Hydrotherapy      		NRHeated swimming pool, separate rooms for exercise and education
      Abbreviations: ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AER, aerobic; EP, exercise physiologist; HRM, heart rate max; HRR, heart rate reserve; IQR, interquartile range; MVPA, moderate-vigorous physical activity; NR, not reported; PA, physical activity; PT, physical therapist; RES, resistance; 1-RM, 1-repetition maximum; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; Rx, prescription; SMS, short message service.

      Intervention characteristics

      Programs ranged from 4 weeks
      • Conlon BA
      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
      • et al.
      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
      to 1 year
      • Beidas RS
      • Paciotti B
      • Barg F
      • et al.
      A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors.
      J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014; 2014: 338-345
      in duration. Five programs did not describe specific program lengths.
      • Catt S
      • Sheward J
      • Sheward E
      • Harder H
      Cancer survivors’ experiences of a community-based cancer-specific exercise programme: results of an exploratory survey.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 3209-3216
      ,
      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
      ,
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Health-related physical fitness assessment in a community-based cancer rehabilitation setting.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2525-2533
      ,
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Fee-for-service cancer rehabilitation programs improve health-related quality of life.
      Curr Oncol. 2016; 23: 233-240
      ,
      • McGrath P
      • Joske D
      • Bouwman M
      Benefits from participation in the chemo club: psychosocial insights on an exercise program for cancer patients.
      J Psychosoc Oncol. 2011; 29: 103-119
      ,
      • Packel L
      • Claghorn KVB
      • Dekerlegand J
      Cancer-related fatigue and deconditioning: a program evaluation.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2006; 24: 3-8
      Most programs included a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise (62%),
      • Abbott L
      • Hooke MC
      Energy through motion: an activity intervention for cancer-related fatigue in an ambulatory infusion center.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017; 21: 618-626
      ,
      • Barber FD
      Effects of social support on physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adult cancer survivors and their caregivers.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013; 40: 481-489
      ,
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Epstone S
      • Reynolds J
      • Pugh G
      Young adult cancer survivors’ experience of taking part in a 12-week exercise referral programme: a qualitative study of the Trekstock RENEW initiative.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 2613-2620
      ,
      • Brunet J
      • St-Aubin A
      Fostering positive experiences of group-based exercise classes after breast cancer: what do women have to say?.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2016; 38: 1500-1508
      ,
      • Catt S
      • Sheward J
      • Sheward E
      • Harder H
      Cancer survivors’ experiences of a community-based cancer-specific exercise programme: results of an exploratory survey.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 3209-3216
      , 
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • Hladysh G
      • MacDermid J
      • Serediuk F
      • Woodhouse LJ
      CanWell: meeting the psychosocial and exercise needs of cancer survivors by translating evidence into practice.
      Psycho-Oncology. 2014; 23: 204-215
      , 
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • MacDermid JC
      Exercise facilitators and barriers following participation in a community-based exercise and education program for cancer survivors.
      J Exerc Rehabil. 2015; 11: 20-29
      ,
      • Cormie P
      • Lamb S
      • Newton RU
      • et al.
      Implementing exercise in cancer care: study protocol to evaluate a community-based exercise program for people with cancer.
      BMC Cancer. 2017; 17: 103
      ,
      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
      ,
      • Foley MP
      • Barnes VA
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on physical function and quality of life in cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Physiother Theory Pract. 2015; 31: 303-312
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2016; 15: 446-454
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      • Kendall E
      Effects of a translational community-based multimodal exercise program on quality of life and the influence of start delay on physical function and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2018; 17: 337-349
      , 
      • Greenlee HA
      • Crew KD
      • Mata JM
      • et al.
      A pilot randomized controlled trial of a commercial diet and exercise weight loss program in minority breast cancer survivors.
      Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21: 65-76
      , 
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      Model for a community-based exercise program for cancer survivors: taking patient care to the next level.
      J Oncol Pract. 2011; 7: 252-256
      , 
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      • Hermanns M
      • Deal B
      Community-based FitSTEPS for life exercise program for persons with cancer: 5-year evaluation.
      J Oncol Pract. 2012; 8: 320-324
      ,
      • Heston AH
      • Schwartz AL
      • Justice-Gardiner H
      • Hohman KH
      Addressing physical activity needs of survivors by developing a community-based exercise program: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015; 19: 213-217
      ,
      • Kimmel GT
      • Haas BK
      • Hermanns M
      The role of exercise in cancer treatment: bridging the gap.
      Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014; 13: 246-252
      , 
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Health-related physical fitness assessment in a community-based cancer rehabilitation setting.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2525-2533
      , 
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Fee-for-service cancer rehabilitation programs improve health-related quality of life.
      Curr Oncol. 2016; 23: 233-240
      , 
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Cancer patients’ view on rehabilitation and quality of life: a programme audit.
      Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17: 290-297
      , 
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • van der Peet E
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Quality of life of cancer survivors after physical and psychosocial rehabilitation.
      Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15: 541-547
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Von Ah D
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      Determinants of physical activity maintenance in breast cancer survivors after a community-based intervention.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016; 43: 93-102
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Warden SJ
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      A preliminary study on the efficacy of a community-based physical activity intervention on physical function-related risk factors for falls among breast cancer survivors.
      Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 95: 561-570
      , 
      • Lopez CJ
      • Pritlove C
      • Jones JM
      • et al.
      "This is my home-based exercise”: exploring environmental influences on home-based exercise participation in oncology.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 3245-3255
      , 
      • MacDonald AM
      • Chafranskaia A
      • Lopez CJ
      • et al.
      CaRE @ Home: pilot study of an online multidimensional cancer rehabilitation and exercise program for cancer survivors.
      J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 3092
      ,
      • Ng AV
      • Cybulski AN
      • Engel AA
      • et al.
      Triathlon training for women breast cancer survivors: feasibility and initial efficacy.
      Support Care Cancer. 2017; 25: 1465-1473
      , 
      • Noble M
      • Russell C
      • Kraemer L
      • Sharratt M
      UW WELL-FIT: the impact of supervised exercise programs on physical capacity and quality of life in individuals receiving treatment for cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2012; 20: 865-873
      , 
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Flocke S
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program improves quality of life in African-American breast cancer survivors: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
      Int J Sports Exerc Med. 2015; 1: 020
      , 
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Kullman EL
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program in African-American breast cancer survivors (ABCs).
      J Phys Ther Health Promot. 2013; 1: 15-24
      , 
      • Packel L
      • Claghorn KVB
      • Dekerlegand J
      Cancer-related fatigue and deconditioning: a program evaluation.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2006; 24: 3-8
      ,
      • Pugh G
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Reynolds J
      • Epstone S
      Trekstock RENEW: evaluation of a 12-week exercise referral programme for young adult cancer survivors delivered by a cancer charity.
      Support Care Cancer. 2020; 28: 5803-5812
      ,
      • Rajotte EJ
      • Yi JC
      • Baker KS
      • Gregerson L
      • Leiserowitz A
      • Syrjala KL
      Community-based exercise program effectiveness and safety for cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Surviv. 2012; 6: 219-228
      ,
      • Santa Mina D
      • Au D
      • Brunet J
      • et al.
      Effects of the community-based Wellspring Cancer Exercise Program on functional and psychosocial outcomes in cancer survivors.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: 284-294
      ,
      • Swenson KK
      • Nissen MJ
      • Knippenberg K
      • et al.
      Cancer rehabilitation: outcome evaluation of a strengthening and conditioning program.
      Cancer Nurs. 2014; 37: 162-169
      whereas others described only resistance training
      • Beidas RS
      • Paciotti B
      • Barg F
      • et al.
      A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors.
      J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014; 2014: 338-345
      ,
      • Drake D
      • Falzer P
      • Xistris D
      • Robinson G
      • Roberge M
      Physical fitness training: outcomes for adult oncology patients.
      Clin Nurs Res. 2004; 13: 245-264
      ,
      • Murray L
      • Roth E
      • Galvin D
      • et al.
      The impact of resistive exercise and psychosocial support on quality of life and fatigue in cancer survivors via utilization of a community-based program: a case series.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2012; 30: 12-17
      ,
      • Sherman KA
      • Heard G
      • Cavanagh KL
      Psychological effects and mediators of a group multi-component program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Behav Med. 2010; 33: 378-391
      or aerobic exercise.
      • Brunet J
      • Saunders S
      • Gifford W
      • Thomas R
      • Hamilton R
      An exploratory qualitative study of the meaning and value of a running/walking program for women after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40: 1041-1048
      ,
      • Christopher KA
      • Morrow LL
      Evaluating a community-based exercise program for women cancer survivors.
      Appl Nurs Res. 2004; 17: 100-108
      ,
      • Perry CK
      • Campbell LP
      • Currier J
      • et al.
      An evidence-based walking program in Oregon communities: Step It Up! Survivors.
      Prev Chronic Dis. 2020; 17: E156
      Several programs included specific sports, such as football,
      • Bjerre ED
      • Brasso K
      • Jorgensen AB
      • et al.
      Football compared with usual care in men with prostate cancer (FC Prostate Community Trial): a pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled trial.
      Sports Med. 2019; 49: 145-158
      ,
      • Bruun DM
      • Bjerre E
      • Krustrup P
      • et al.
      Community-based recreational football: a novel approach to promote physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors.
      Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5567-5585
      ,
      • Uth J
      • Schmidt JF
      • Christensen JF
      • et al.
      Effects of recreational soccer in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: study protocol for the “FC Prostate” randomized controlled trial.
      BMC Cancer. 2013; 13: 595
      triathlon,
      • Ng AV
      • Cybulski AN
      • Engel AA
      • et al.
      Triathlon training for women breast cancer survivors: feasibility and initial efficacy.
      Support Care Cancer. 2017; 25: 1465-1473
      and a run/walk program
      • Brunet J
      • Saunders S
      • Gifford W
      • Thomas R
      • Hamilton R
      An exploratory qualitative study of the meaning and value of a running/walking program for women after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40: 1041-1048
      (see table 1).
      Programs most commonly operated within public exercise facilities (62%), such as YMCAs, community centers, or private fitness studies/centres.
      • Barber FD
      Effects of social support on physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adult cancer survivors and their caregivers.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013; 40: 481-489
      ,
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Epstone S
      • Reynolds J
      • Pugh G
      Young adult cancer survivors’ experience of taking part in a 12-week exercise referral programme: a qualitative study of the Trekstock RENEW initiative.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 2613-2620
      ,
      • Bjerre ED
      • Brasso K
      • Jorgensen AB
      • et al.
      Football compared with usual care in men with prostate cancer (FC Prostate Community Trial): a pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled trial.
      Sports Med. 2019; 49: 145-158
      ,
      • Brunet J
      • Saunders S
      • Gifford W
      • Thomas R
      • Hamilton R
      An exploratory qualitative study of the meaning and value of a running/walking program for women after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40: 1041-1048
      , 
      • Brunet J
      • St-Aubin A
      Fostering positive experiences of group-based exercise classes after breast cancer: what do women have to say?.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2016; 38: 1500-1508
      , 
      • Bruun DM
      • Bjerre E
      • Krustrup P
      • et al.
      Community-based recreational football: a novel approach to promote physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors.
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      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017; 21: 618-626
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      • Beidas RS
      • Paciotti B
      • Barg F
      • et al.
      A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors.
      J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014; 2014: 338-345
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      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
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      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
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      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Von Ah D
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      Determinants of physical activity maintenance in breast cancer survivors after a community-based intervention.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016; 43: 93-102
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Warden SJ
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      A preliminary study on the efficacy of a community-based physical activity intervention on physical function-related risk factors for falls among breast cancer survivors.
      Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 95: 561-570
      , 
      • Lopez CJ
      • Pritlove C
      • Jones JM
      • et al.
      "This is my home-based exercise”: exploring environmental influences on home-based exercise participation in oncology.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 3245-3255
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      • Chafranskaia A
      • Lopez CJ
      • et al.
      CaRE @ Home: pilot study of an online multidimensional cancer rehabilitation and exercise program for cancer survivors.
      J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 3092
      ,
      • Sherman KA
      • Heard G
      • Cavanagh KL
      Psychological effects and mediators of a group multi-component program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Behav Med. 2010; 33: 378-391
      and 1 program was exclusively one-on-one.
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      • Pugh G
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      A wide range of supports for participation were described in the included studies, such as inclusion of family members or friends,
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      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013; 40: 481-489
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      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
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      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
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      • Crew KD
      • Mata JM
      • et al.
      A pilot randomized controlled trial of a commercial diet and exercise weight loss program in minority breast cancer survivors.
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      , 
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      Model for a community-based exercise program for cancer survivors: taking patient care to the next level.
      J Oncol Pract. 2011; 7: 252-256
      , 
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      • Hermanns M
      • Deal B
      Community-based FitSTEPS for life exercise program for persons with cancer: 5-year evaluation.
      J Oncol Pract. 2012; 8: 320-324
      ,
      • Kimmel GT
      • Haas BK
      • Hermanns M
      The role of exercise in cancer treatment: bridging the gap.
      Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014; 13: 246-252
      initial assessment or reassessment,
      • Catt S
      • Sheward J
      • Sheward E
      • Harder H
      Cancer survivors’ experiences of a community-based cancer-specific exercise programme: results of an exploratory survey.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 3209-3216
      ,
      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
      ,
      • Greenlee HA
      • Crew KD
      • Mata JM
      • et al.
      A pilot randomized controlled trial of a commercial diet and exercise weight loss program in minority breast cancer survivors.
      Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21: 65-76
      physical activity tracking,
      • Abbott L
      • Hooke MC
      Energy through motion: an activity intervention for cancer-related fatigue in an ambulatory infusion center.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017; 21: 618-626
      ,
      • Barber FD
      Effects of social support on physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adult cancer survivors and their caregivers.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013; 40: 481-489
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      • Brasso K
      • Jorgensen AB
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      Football compared with usual care in men with prostate cancer (FC Prostate Community Trial): a pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled trial.
      Sports Med. 2019; 49: 145-158
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      • Bjerre E
      • Krustrup P
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      Community-based recreational football: a novel approach to promote physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors.
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      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      Model for a community-based exercise program for cancer survivors: taking patient care to the next level.
      J Oncol Pract. 2011; 7: 252-256
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      • Hermanns M
      • Deal B
      Community-based FitSTEPS for life exercise program for persons with cancer: 5-year evaluation.
      J Oncol Pract. 2012; 8: 320-324
      ,
      • Kimmel GT
      • Haas BK
      • Hermanns M
      The role of exercise in cancer treatment: bridging the gap.
      Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014; 13: 246-252
      ,
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      ,
      • Sherman KA
      • Heard G
      • Cavanagh KL
      Psychological effects and mediators of a group multi-component program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Behav Med. 2010; 33: 378-391
      ,
      • Uth J
      • Schmidt JF
      • Christensen JF
      • et al.
      Effects of recreational soccer in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: study protocol for the “FC Prostate” randomized controlled trial.
      BMC Cancer. 2013; 13: 595
      and a team or group-based format to encourage social support.
      • Brunet J
      • Saunders S
      • Gifford W
      • Thomas R
      • Hamilton R
      An exploratory qualitative study of the meaning and value of a running/walking program for women after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40: 1041-1048
      ,
      • Conlon BA
      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
      • et al.
      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
      ,
      • Foley MP
      • Barnes VA
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on physical function and quality of life in cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Physiother Theory Pract. 2015; 31: 303-312
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2016; 15: 446-454
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      • Kendall E
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      Integr Cancer Ther. 2018; 17: 337-349
      ,
      • Heston AH
      • Schwartz AL
      • Justice-Gardiner H
      • Hohman KH
      Addressing physical activity needs of survivors by developing a community-based exercise program: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015; 19: 213-217
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Cancer patients’ view on rehabilitation and quality of life: a programme audit.
      Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17: 290-297
      , 
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • van der Peet E
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Quality of life of cancer survivors after physical and psychosocial rehabilitation.
      Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15: 541-547
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Von Ah D
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      Determinants of physical activity maintenance in breast cancer survivors after a community-based intervention.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016; 43: 93-102
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Warden SJ
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      A preliminary study on the efficacy of a community-based physical activity intervention on physical function-related risk factors for falls among breast cancer survivors.
      Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 95: 561-570
      ,
      • McGrath P
      • Joske D
      • Bouwman M
      Benefits from participation in the chemo club: psychosocial insights on an exercise program for cancer patients.
      J Psychosoc Oncol. 2011; 29: 103-119
      ,
      • Ng AV
      • Cybulski AN
      • Engel AA
      • et al.
      Triathlon training for women breast cancer survivors: feasibility and initial efficacy.
      Support Care Cancer. 2017; 25: 1465-1473
      ,
      • Rajotte EJ
      • Yi JC
      • Baker KS
      • Gregerson L
      • Leiserowitz A
      • Syrjala KL
      Community-based exercise program effectiveness and safety for cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Surviv. 2012; 6: 219-228
      Many programs reported cointerventions, the most common of which were education,
      • Beidas RS
      • Paciotti B
      • Barg F
      • et al.
      A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors.
      J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014; 2014: 338-345
      ,
      • Brunet J
      • Saunders S
      • Gifford W
      • Thomas R
      • Hamilton R
      An exploratory qualitative study of the meaning and value of a running/walking program for women after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40: 1041-1048
      ,
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • Hladysh G
      • MacDermid J
      • Serediuk F
      • Woodhouse LJ
      CanWell: meeting the psychosocial and exercise needs of cancer survivors by translating evidence into practice.
      Psycho-Oncology. 2014; 23: 204-215
      ,
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • MacDermid JC
      Exercise facilitators and barriers following participation in a community-based exercise and education program for cancer survivors.
      J Exerc Rehabil. 2015; 11: 20-29
      ,
      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
      ,
      • Foley MP
      • Barnes VA
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on physical function and quality of life in cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Physiother Theory Pract. 2015; 31: 303-312
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2016; 15: 446-454
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      • Kendall E
      Effects of a translational community-based multimodal exercise program on quality of life and the influence of start delay on physical function and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2018; 17: 337-349
      ,
      • Heston AH
      • Schwartz AL
      • Justice-Gardiner H
      • Hohman KH
      Addressing physical activity needs of survivors by developing a community-based exercise program: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015; 19: 213-217
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Cancer patients’ view on rehabilitation and quality of life: a programme audit.
      Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17: 290-297
      , 
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • van der Peet E
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Quality of life of cancer survivors after physical and psychosocial rehabilitation.
      Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15: 541-547
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Von Ah D
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      Determinants of physical activity maintenance in breast cancer survivors after a community-based intervention.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016; 43: 93-102
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Warden SJ
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      A preliminary study on the efficacy of a community-based physical activity intervention on physical function-related risk factors for falls among breast cancer survivors.
      Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 95: 561-570
      , 
      • Lopez CJ
      • Pritlove C
      • Jones JM
      • et al.
      "This is my home-based exercise”: exploring environmental influences on home-based exercise participation in oncology.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 3245-3255
      , 
      • MacDonald AM
      • Chafranskaia A
      • Lopez CJ
      • et al.
      CaRE @ Home: pilot study of an online multidimensional cancer rehabilitation and exercise program for cancer survivors.
      J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 3092
      ,
      • Rajotte EJ
      • Yi JC
      • Baker KS
      • Gregerson L
      • Leiserowitz A
      • Syrjala KL
      Community-based exercise program effectiveness and safety for cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Surviv. 2012; 6: 219-228
      psychosocial support,
      • Catt S
      • Sheward J
      • Sheward E
      • Harder H
      Cancer survivors’ experiences of a community-based cancer-specific exercise programme: results of an exploratory survey.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 3209-3216
      ,
      • Foley MP
      • Barnes VA
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on physical function and quality of life in cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Physiother Theory Pract. 2015; 31: 303-312
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2016; 15: 446-454
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      • Kendall E
      Effects of a translational community-based multimodal exercise program on quality of life and the influence of start delay on physical function and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2018; 17: 337-349
      ,
      • Heston AH
      • Schwartz AL
      • Justice-Gardiner H
      • Hohman KH
      Addressing physical activity needs of survivors by developing a community-based exercise program: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015; 19: 213-217
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Cancer patients’ view on rehabilitation and quality of life: a programme audit.
      Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17: 290-297
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • van der Peet E
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Quality of life of cancer survivors after physical and psychosocial rehabilitation.
      Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15: 541-547
      ,
      • Murray L
      • Roth E
      • Galvin D
      • et al.
      The impact of resistive exercise and psychosocial support on quality of life and fatigue in cancer survivors via utilization of a community-based program: a case series.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2012; 30: 12-17
      ,
      • Rajotte EJ
      • Yi JC
      • Baker KS
      • Gregerson L
      • Leiserowitz A
      • Syrjala KL
      Community-based exercise program effectiveness and safety for cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Surviv. 2012; 6: 219-228
      and nutrition or dietary counseling.
      • Conlon BA
      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
      • et al.
      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
      ,
      • Greenlee HA
      • Crew KD
      • Mata JM
      • et al.
      A pilot randomized controlled trial of a commercial diet and exercise weight loss program in minority breast cancer survivors.
      Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21: 65-76
      Programs were often reported as free to participants (44%)
      • Barber FD
      Effects of social support on physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adult cancer survivors and their caregivers.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013; 40: 481-489
      ,
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Epstone S
      • Reynolds J
      • Pugh G
      Young adult cancer survivors’ experience of taking part in a 12-week exercise referral programme: a qualitative study of the Trekstock RENEW initiative.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 2613-2620
      ,
      • Brunet J
      • St-Aubin A
      Fostering positive experiences of group-based exercise classes after breast cancer: what do women have to say?.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2016; 38: 1500-1508
      ,
      • Conlon BA
      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
      • et al.
      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
      ,
      • Cormie P
      • Lamb S
      • Newton RU
      • et al.
      Implementing exercise in cancer care: study protocol to evaluate a community-based exercise program for people with cancer.
      BMC Cancer. 2017; 17: 103
      ,
      • Drake D
      • Falzer P
      • Xistris D
      • Robinson G
      • Roberge M
      Physical fitness training: outcomes for adult oncology patients.
      Clin Nurs Res. 2004; 13: 245-264
      ,
      • Foley MP
      • Barnes VA
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on physical function and quality of life in cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Physiother Theory Pract. 2015; 31: 303-312
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2016; 15: 446-454
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      • Kendall E
      Effects of a translational community-based multimodal exercise program on quality of life and the influence of start delay on physical function and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2018; 17: 337-349
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      Model for a community-based exercise program for cancer survivors: taking patient care to the next level.
      J Oncol Pract. 2011; 7: 252-256
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      • Hermanns M
      • Deal B
      Community-based FitSTEPS for life exercise program for persons with cancer: 5-year evaluation.
      J Oncol Pract. 2012; 8: 320-324
      ,
      • Heston AH
      • Schwartz AL
      • Justice-Gardiner H
      • Hohman KH
      Addressing physical activity needs of survivors by developing a community-based exercise program: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015; 19: 213-217
      ,
      • Kimmel GT
      • Haas BK
      • Hermanns M
      The role of exercise in cancer treatment: bridging the gap.
      Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014; 13: 246-252
      ,
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      ,
      • Lopez CJ
      • Pritlove C
      • Jones JM
      • et al.
      "This is my home-based exercise”: exploring environmental influences on home-based exercise participation in oncology.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 3245-3255
      , 
      • MacDonald AM
      • Chafranskaia A
      • Lopez CJ
      • et al.
      CaRE @ Home: pilot study of an online multidimensional cancer rehabilitation and exercise program for cancer survivors.
      J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 3092
      , 
      • McGrath P
      • Joske D
      • Bouwman M
      Benefits from participation in the chemo club: psychosocial insights on an exercise program for cancer patients.
      J Psychosoc Oncol. 2011; 29: 103-119
      ,
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Flocke S
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program improves quality of life in African-American breast cancer survivors: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
      Int J Sports Exerc Med. 2015; 1: 020
      ,
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Kullman EL
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program in African-American breast cancer survivors (ABCs).
      J Phys Ther Health Promot. 2013; 1: 15-24
      ,
      • Pugh G
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Reynolds J
      • Epstone S
      Trekstock RENEW: evaluation of a 12-week exercise referral programme for young adult cancer survivors delivered by a cancer charity.
      Support Care Cancer. 2020; 28: 5803-5812
      ,
      • Rajotte EJ
      • Yi JC
      • Baker KS
      • Gregerson L
      • Leiserowitz A
      • Syrjala KL
      Community-based exercise program effectiveness and safety for cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Surviv. 2012; 6: 219-228
      ,
      • Santa Mina D
      • Au D
      • Brunet J
      • et al.
      Effects of the community-based Wellspring Cancer Exercise Program on functional and psychosocial outcomes in cancer survivors.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: 284-294
      ,
      • Swenson KK
      • Nissen MJ
      • Knippenberg K
      • et al.
      Cancer rehabilitation: outcome evaluation of a strengthening and conditioning program.
      Cancer Nurs. 2014; 37: 162-169
      ,
      • Van Gerpen RE
      • Becker BJ
      Development of an evidence-based exercise and education cancer recovery program.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2013; 17: 539-543
      ,
      • Wurz A
      • St-Aubin A
      • Brunet J
      Breast cancer survivors’ barriers and motives for participating in a group-based physical activity program offered in the community.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2407-2416
      ; however, whether or not there was a cost to participate was not reported in 38% of programs.
      • Abbott L
      • Hooke MC
      Energy through motion: an activity intervention for cancer-related fatigue in an ambulatory infusion center.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017; 21: 618-626
      ,
      • Bruun DM
      • Bjerre E
      • Krustrup P
      • et al.
      Community-based recreational football: a novel approach to promote physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors.
      Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5567-5585
      ,
      • Catt S
      • Sheward J
      • Sheward E
      • Harder H
      Cancer survivors’ experiences of a community-based cancer-specific exercise programme: results of an exploratory survey.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 3209-3216
      ,
      • Christopher KA
      • Morrow LL
      Evaluating a community-based exercise program for women cancer survivors.
      Appl Nurs Res. 2004; 17: 100-108
      ,
      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Cancer patients’ view on rehabilitation and quality of life: a programme audit.
      Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17: 290-297
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • van der Peet E
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Quality of life of cancer survivors after physical and psychosocial rehabilitation.
      Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15: 541-547
      ,
      • Lee CE
      • Von Ah D
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      Determinants of physical activity maintenance in breast cancer survivors after a community-based intervention.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016; 43: 93-102
      ,
      • Lee CE
      • Warden SJ
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      A preliminary study on the efficacy of a community-based physical activity intervention on physical function-related risk factors for falls among breast cancer survivors.
      Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 95: 561-570
      ,
      • Murray L
      • Roth E
      • Galvin D
      • et al.
      The impact of resistive exercise and psychosocial support on quality of life and fatigue in cancer survivors via utilization of a community-based program: a case series.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2012; 30: 12-17
      ,
      • Ng AV
      • Cybulski AN
      • Engel AA
      • et al.
      Triathlon training for women breast cancer survivors: feasibility and initial efficacy.
      Support Care Cancer. 2017; 25: 1465-1473
      ,
      • Noble M
      • Russell C
      • Kraemer L
      • Sharratt M
      UW WELL-FIT: the impact of supervised exercise programs on physical capacity and quality of life in individuals receiving treatment for cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2012; 20: 865-873
      ,
      • Packel L
      • Claghorn KVB
      • Dekerlegand J
      Cancer-related fatigue and deconditioning: a program evaluation.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2006; 24: 3-8
      ,
      • Perry CK
      • Campbell LP
      • Currier J
      • et al.
      An evidence-based walking program in Oregon communities: Step It Up! Survivors.
      Prev Chronic Dis. 2020; 17: E156
      ,
      • Sherman KA
      • Heard G
      • Cavanagh KL
      Psychological effects and mediators of a group multi-component program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Behav Med. 2010; 33: 378-391
      Reported costs ranged from CA$15 for a single group-based session
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Health-related physical fitness assessment in a community-based cancer rehabilitation setting.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2525-2533
      ,
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Fee-for-service cancer rehabilitation programs improve health-related quality of life.
      Curr Oncol. 2016; 23: 233-240
      to US$229 for a single assessment.
      • Beidas RS
      • Paciotti B
      • Barg F
      • et al.
      A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors.
      J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014; 2014: 338-345

      Characteristics of individuals

      Half of the programs (50%) were open to all adults with a cancer diagnosis regardless of cancer type or treatment status
      • Barber FD
      Effects of social support on physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in adult cancer survivors and their caregivers.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013; 40: 481-489
      ,
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Epstone S
      • Reynolds J
      • Pugh G
      Young adult cancer survivors’ experience of taking part in a 12-week exercise referral programme: a qualitative study of the Trekstock RENEW initiative.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 2613-2620
      ,
      • Catt S
      • Sheward J
      • Sheward E
      • Harder H
      Cancer survivors’ experiences of a community-based cancer-specific exercise programme: results of an exploratory survey.
      Support Care Cancer. 2018; 26: 3209-3216
      , 
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • Hladysh G
      • MacDermid J
      • Serediuk F
      • Woodhouse LJ
      CanWell: meeting the psychosocial and exercise needs of cancer survivors by translating evidence into practice.
      Psycho-Oncology. 2014; 23: 204-215
      , 
      • Cheifetz O
      • Dorsay JP
      • MacDermid JC
      Exercise facilitators and barriers following participation in a community-based exercise and education program for cancer survivors.
      J Exerc Rehabil. 2015; 11: 20-29
      , 
      • Christopher KA
      • Morrow LL
      Evaluating a community-based exercise program for women cancer survivors.
      Appl Nurs Res. 2004; 17: 100-108
      , 
      • Conlon BA
      • Kahan M
      • Martinez M
      • et al.
      Development and evaluation of the curriculum for BOLD (Bronx Oncology Living Daily) healthy living: a diabetes prevention and control program for underserved cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Educ. 2015; 30: 535-545
      , 
      • Cormie P
      • Lamb S
      • Newton RU
      • et al.
      Implementing exercise in cancer care: study protocol to evaluate a community-based exercise program for people with cancer.
      BMC Cancer. 2017; 17: 103
      , 
      • Dalzell MA
      • Smirnow N
      • Sateren W
      • et al.
      Rehabilitation and exercise oncology program: translating research into a model of care.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: e191-e198
      ,
      • Foley MP
      • Barnes VA
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on physical function and quality of life in cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Physiother Theory Pract. 2015; 31: 303-312
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      Effects of a community-based multimodal exercise program on health-related physical fitness and physical function in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2016; 15: 446-454
      , 
      • Foley MP
      • Hasson SM
      • Kendall E
      Effects of a translational community-based multimodal exercise program on quality of life and the influence of start delay on physical function and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a pilot study.
      Integr Cancer Ther. 2018; 17: 337-349
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      Model for a community-based exercise program for cancer survivors: taking patient care to the next level.
      J Oncol Pract. 2011; 7: 252-256
      ,
      • Haas BK
      • Kimmel G
      • Hermanns M
      • Deal B
      Community-based FitSTEPS for life exercise program for persons with cancer: 5-year evaluation.
      J Oncol Pract. 2012; 8: 320-324
      ,
      • Heston AH
      • Schwartz AL
      • Justice-Gardiner H
      • Hohman KH
      Addressing physical activity needs of survivors by developing a community-based exercise program: LIVESTRONG(R) at the YMCA.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2015; 19: 213-217
      ,
      • Kimmel GT
      • Haas BK
      • Hermanns M
      The role of exercise in cancer treatment: bridging the gap.
      Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014; 13: 246-252
      , 
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Health-related physical fitness assessment in a community-based cancer rehabilitation setting.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2525-2533
      , 
      • Kirkham AA
      • Neil-Sztramko SE
      • Morgan J
      • et al.
      Fee-for-service cancer rehabilitation programs improve health-related quality of life.
      Curr Oncol. 2016; 23: 233-240
      ,
      • Lopez CJ
      • Pritlove C
      • Jones JM
      • et al.
      "This is my home-based exercise”: exploring environmental influences on home-based exercise participation in oncology.
      Support Care Cancer. 2021; 29: 3245-3255
      , 
      • MacDonald AM
      • Chafranskaia A
      • Lopez CJ
      • et al.
      CaRE @ Home: pilot study of an online multidimensional cancer rehabilitation and exercise program for cancer survivors.
      J Clin Med. 2020; 9: 3092
      , 
      • McGrath P
      • Joske D
      • Bouwman M
      Benefits from participation in the chemo club: psychosocial insights on an exercise program for cancer patients.
      J Psychosoc Oncol. 2011; 29: 103-119
      ,
      • Packel L
      • Claghorn KVB
      • Dekerlegand J
      Cancer-related fatigue and deconditioning: a program evaluation.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2006; 24: 3-8
      , 
      • Perry CK
      • Campbell LP
      • Currier J
      • et al.
      An evidence-based walking program in Oregon communities: Step It Up! Survivors.
      Prev Chronic Dis. 2020; 17: E156
      , 
      • Pugh G
      • Below N
      • Fisher A
      • Reynolds J
      • Epstone S
      Trekstock RENEW: evaluation of a 12-week exercise referral programme for young adult cancer survivors delivered by a cancer charity.
      Support Care Cancer. 2020; 28: 5803-5812
      , 
      • Rajotte EJ
      • Yi JC
      • Baker KS
      • Gregerson L
      • Leiserowitz A
      • Syrjala KL
      Community-based exercise program effectiveness and safety for cancer survivors.
      J Cancer Surviv. 2012; 6: 219-228
      ,
      • Santa Mina D
      • Au D
      • Brunet J
      • et al.
      Effects of the community-based Wellspring Cancer Exercise Program on functional and psychosocial outcomes in cancer survivors.
      Curr Oncol. 2017; 24: 284-294
      ,
      • Swenson KK
      • Nissen MJ
      • Knippenberg K
      • et al.
      Cancer rehabilitation: outcome evaluation of a strengthening and conditioning program.
      Cancer Nurs. 2014; 37: 162-169
      ,
      • Van Gerpen RE
      • Becker BJ
      Development of an evidence-based exercise and education cancer recovery program.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2013; 17: 539-543
      Other programs were limited to either adults who had completed cancer treatment (9%)
      • Drake D
      • Falzer P
      • Xistris D
      • Robinson G
      • Roberge M
      Physical fitness training: outcomes for adult oncology patients.
      Clin Nurs Res. 2004; 13: 245-264
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Cancer patients’ view on rehabilitation and quality of life: a programme audit.
      Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008; 17: 290-297
      ,
      • Korstjens I
      • Mesters I
      • van der Peet E
      • Gijsen B
      • van den Borne B
      Quality of life of cancer survivors after physical and psychosocial rehabilitation.
      Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006; 15: 541-547
      ,
      • Murray L
      • Roth E
      • Galvin D
      • et al.
      The impact of resistive exercise and psychosocial support on quality of life and fatigue in cancer survivors via utilization of a community-based program: a case series.
      Rehabil Oncol. 2012; 30: 12-17
      or were currently undergoing treatment (6%).
      • Abbott L
      • Hooke MC
      Energy through motion: an activity intervention for cancer-related fatigue in an ambulatory infusion center.
      Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2017; 21: 618-626
      ,
      • Noble M
      • Russell C
      • Kraemer L
      • Sharratt M
      UW WELL-FIT: the impact of supervised exercise programs on physical capacity and quality of life in individuals receiving treatment for cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2012; 20: 865-873
      One-third of programs (32%) were designed only for women diagnosed with breast cancer
      • Beidas RS
      • Paciotti B
      • Barg F
      • et al.
      A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors.
      J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014; 2014: 338-345
      ,
      • Brunet J
      • Saunders S
      • Gifford W
      • Thomas R
      • Hamilton R
      An exploratory qualitative study of the meaning and value of a running/walking program for women after a diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2018; 40: 1041-1048
      ,
      • Brunet J
      • St-Aubin A
      Fostering positive experiences of group-based exercise classes after breast cancer: what do women have to say?.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2016; 38: 1500-1508
      ,
      • Greenlee HA
      • Crew KD
      • Mata JM
      • et al.
      A pilot randomized controlled trial of a commercial diet and exercise weight loss program in minority breast cancer survivors.
      Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21: 65-76
      ,
      • Jones LM
      • Reinhoudt LL
      • Hilverda F
      • Rutjes C
      • Hayes SC
      Using the integrative model of behavioral prediction to understand female breast cancer survivors’ barriers and facilitators for adherence to a community-based group-exercise program.
      Semin Oncol Nurs. 2020; 36151071
      ,
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Design and implementation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients.
      Curr Oncol. 2014; 21: 267-271
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      • Culos-Reed SN
      Evaluation of a community-based exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.
      Cancer Nurs. 2015; 38: 417-425
      , 
      • Leach HJ
      • Danyluk JM
      • Nishimura KC
      Culos-Reed SN. Benefits of 24 versus 12 weeks of exercise and wellness programming for women undergoing treatment for breast cancer.
      Support Care Cancer. 2016; 24: 4597-4606
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Von Ah D
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      Determinants of physical activity maintenance in breast cancer survivors after a community-based intervention.
      Oncol Nurs Forum. 2016; 43: 93-102
      , 
      • Lee CE
      • Warden SJ
      • Szuck B
      • Lau YK
      A preliminary study on the efficacy of a community-based physical activity intervention on physical function-related risk factors for falls among breast cancer survivors.
      Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016; 95: 561-570
      ,
      • Ng AV
      • Cybulski AN
      • Engel AA
      • et al.
      Triathlon training for women breast cancer survivors: feasibility and initial efficacy.
      Support Care Cancer. 2017; 25: 1465-1473
      ,
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Flocke S
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program improves quality of life in African-American breast cancer survivors: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
      Int J Sports Exerc Med. 2015; 1: 020
      ,
      • Nock NL
      • Owusu C
      • Kullman EL
      • et al.
      A community-based exercise and support group program in African-American breast cancer survivors (ABCs).
      J Phys Ther Health Promot. 2013; 1: 15-24
      ,
      • Sherman KA
      • Heard G
      • Cavanagh KL
      Psychological effects and mediators of a group multi-component program for breast cancer survivors.
      J Behav Med. 2010; 33: 378-391
      ,
      • Wurz A
      • St-Aubin A
      • Brunet J
      Breast cancer survivors’ barriers and motives for participating in a group-based physical activity program offered in the community.
      Support Care Cancer. 2015; 23: 2407-2416
      and 1 program was exclusively open to men with prostate cancer.
      • Bjerre ED
      • Brasso K
      • Jorgensen AB
      • et al.
      Football compared with usual care in men with prostate cancer (FC Prostate Community Trial): a pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled trial.
      Sports Med. 2019; 49: 145-158
      ,
      • Bruun DM
      • Bjerre E
      • Krustrup P
      • et al.
      Community-based recreational football: a novel approach to promote physical activity and quality of life in prostate cancer survivors.
      Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5567-5585
      ,
      • Uth J
      • Schmidt JF
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