Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of physical restriction in the United States
and around the world, with an estimated lifetime prevalence rate of 38.9% reported
among the general population globally.1 The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a 13-item, self-report instrument used to
quantify pain experiences,2 and it was developed to facilitate research on the mechanisms by which pain catastrophizing
influences the experience of pain.3 Respondents are asked to reflect on a previous episode of pain and indicate to what
degree they experienced thoughts or feelings consistent with (1) rumination, (2) magnification,
and (3) helplessness.2., 3. Items on the PCS were drawn from previous research related to catastrophic pain.3 Research demonstrates that the PCS is a valid measure for the functional evaluation
of individuals with LBP. The clinically derived PCS total score has demonstrated excellent
test-retest reliability and internal consistency.2., 4., 5. Additionally, the PCS has been shown to be useful in differentiating between patients
experiencing pain in outpatient settings and individuals living in the community without
pain.6 The PCS is free to use and can be administered and scored in <5 minutes, making it
a clinically useful and low-burden instrument to incorporate in routine clinical practice.
Bibliography
- 1.Hoy D, Bain C, Williams G, et al. A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain. Arthritis Rheumatol 2012;64:2028-37.
- 2.Sullivan MJ, Bishop SR, Pivik J. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: development and validation. Psychol Assess 1995;7:524-32.
- 3.Sullivan MJ. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale user manual. 2009. Available at: http://sullivan-painresearch.mcgill.ca/pdf/pcs/PCSManual_English.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2017.
- 4.Fernandes L, Storheim K, Lochting I, Grotle M. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Norwegian Pain Catastrophizing Scale in patients with low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012;13:111.
- 5.Lopes RA, Dias RC, Queiroz BZ, et al. Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale for acute low back pain. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2015;73:436-44.
- 6.Osman A, Barrios FX, Gutierrez PM, Kopper BA, Merrifield T, Grittmann L. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: further psychometric evaluation with adult samples. J Behav Med 2000;23:351-65.
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Article Info
Publication History
Published online: April 29, 2017
Footnotes
Highlights From the Rehabilitation Measures Database
This content is provided as a service by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and is not peer reviewed by the Archives.
