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Organization news Information/Education Page| Volume 98, ISSUE 11, P2347-2349, November 01, 2017

What Is Mild Stroke?

Published:April 28, 2017DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.03.004
What Is Mild Stroke?
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      Persons who experience mild stroke typically have a short hospital stay and will show symptoms of stroke that last longer than a day. Most likely the symptoms will go away after a short period. If the symptoms of stroke last <24 hours, this is usually called a transient ischemic attack. If brain lesions are detected by a brain scan (diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography) at the hospital,
      • Jauch E.C.
      • Saver J.L.
      • Adams Jr., H.P.
      • et al.
      Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
      Stroke. 2013; 44: 870-947
      , 
      • Duca A.
      • Jagoda A.
      Transient ischemic attacks: advances in diagnosis and management in the emergency department.
      Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2016; 34: 811-835
      a diagnosis of mild stroke will be made even if the symptoms of stroke last <24 hours.
      The person affected with mild stroke is usually able to perform basic activities (eg, going to the bathroom, shopping) but may have difficulties with complex activities (eg, paying bills, remembering scheduled activities).
      • Fischer U.
      • Baumgartner A.
      • Arnold M.
      • et al.
      What is a minor stroke?.
      Stroke. 2010; 41: 661-666
      , 
      • Romano J.G.
      • Smith E.E.
      • Liang L.
      • et al.
      Outcomes in mild acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis: a retrospective analysis of the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke registry.
      JAMA Neurol. 2015; 72: 423-431
      , 
      • Carlsson G.E.
      • Moller A.
      • Blomstrand C.
      Consequences of mild stroke in persons <75 years – a 1-year follow-up.
      Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003; 16: 383-388
      Mild stroke should not be ignored by the patient or by the health care provider because persons with mild stroke are at risk for the following:
      • 1.
        Developing mental health conditions (eg, depression, anxiety).
        • Ayerbe L.
        • Ayis S.
        • Wolfe C.D.
        • Rudd A.G.
        Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Br J Psychiatry. 2013; 202: 14-21
        , 
        • Schöttke H.
        • Giabbiconi C.M.
        Post-stroke depression and post-stroke anxiety: prevalence and predictors.
        Int Psychogeriatr. 2015; 27: 1805-1812
      • 2.
        Having difficulties with complex activities (eg, driving).
        • Akinwuntan A.E.
        • Devos H.
        • Verheyden G.
        • et al.
        Retraining moderately impaired stroke survivors in driving-related visual attention skills.
        Top Stroke Rehabil. 2010; 17: 328-336
      • 3.
        Having another stroke event.
        • Kernan W.N.
        • Ovbiagele B.
        • Black H.R.
        • et al.
        Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
        Stroke. 2014; 45: 2160-2236

      What are the symptoms of mild stroke?

      A person with mild stroke may experience various mental, behavioral, and physical symptoms just like those with severe stroke.
      • Romano J.G.
      • Smith E.E.
      • Liang L.
      • et al.
      Outcomes in mild acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis: a retrospective analysis of the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke registry.
      JAMA Neurol. 2015; 72: 423-431
      , 
      • Carlsson G.E.
      • Moller A.
      • Blomstrand C.
      Consequences of mild stroke in persons <75 years – a 1-year follow-up.
      Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003; 16: 383-388
      , 
      • Moran G.M.
      • Fletcher B.
      • Feltham M.G.
      • Calvert M.
      • Sackley C.
      • Marshall T.
      Fatigue, psychological and cognitive impairment following transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review.
      Eur J Neurol. 2014; 21: 1258-1267
      Some symptoms may disappear quickly, whereas others may persist for a longer time.
      • Carlsson G.E.
      • Moller A.
      • Blomstrand C.
      Consequences of mild stroke in persons <75 years – a 1-year follow-up.
      Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003; 16: 383-388
      , 
      • Moran G.M.
      • Fletcher B.
      • Feltham M.G.
      • Calvert M.
      • Sackley C.
      • Marshall T.
      Fatigue, psychological and cognitive impairment following transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review.
      Eur J Neurol. 2014; 21: 1258-1267
      The most common symptoms are fatigue, emotional disturbance, and memory, language, physical, and sensory difficulties.

       Poststroke fatigue

      • •
        There are differences between poststroke fatigue and normal tiredness. The key difference between them is that rest may relieve normal tiredness but not poststroke fatigue.
      • •
        Poststroke fatigue may not be related to activity level or sleep quality. This can make it difficult to participate in everyday activities (eg, cooking, cleaning, doing laundry).

       Emotional disturbances

      • •
        Sadness or hopeless.
      • •
        Depression and depression-related symptoms (eg, changes in appetite, loss of interest in activities or hobbies, sleep disturbances, fatigue, even thoughts of suicide).
      • •
        Frustration or anger or a sense of fear.
      • •
        Anxiety and anxiety-related behaviors (eg, sleep disturbances, irritability, fatigue, lack of concentration).
      • •
        Both depression and anxiety may be present.

       Memory, language, and sensory difficulties

      • •
        Difficulty concentrating.
      • •
        Taking longer time to complete simple daily living activities.
      • •
        Forgetting recently learned information (ie, problem with short-term memory).
      • •
        Confusion with time or place.
      • •
        Problems with speech or swallowing.
      • •
        Loss of vision or difficulty seeing in one or both eyes.
      • •
        Loss of balance and sudden headache.

       Facial and limb muscle weakness and numbness

      • •
        Weakness and/or numbness in the arm or leg or both on the same side.
      • •
        The face may droop or look lopsided.
      • •
        Difficulty speaking or swallowing.
      • •
        Dizziness or problems with balance.

      What are the risks of mild stroke?

      After mild stroke, people are more likely to have another stroke. Most of the mild stroke symptoms will heal over time, but some symptoms may remain for months or years.
      • Carlsson G.E.
      • Moller A.
      • Blomstrand C.
      Consequences of mild stroke in persons <75 years – a 1-year follow-up.
      Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003; 16: 383-388
      , 
      • Moran G.M.
      • Fletcher B.
      • Feltham M.G.
      • Calvert M.
      • Sackley C.
      • Marshall T.
      Fatigue, psychological and cognitive impairment following transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review.
      Eur J Neurol. 2014; 21: 1258-1267
      If the symptoms continue or are left untreated, they may affect the person's activity, social life, work, and overall quality of life negatively.
      • Carlsson G.E.
      • Moller A.
      • Blomstrand C.
      Consequences of mild stroke in persons <75 years – a 1-year follow-up.
      Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003; 16: 383-388
      , 
      • Moran G.M.
      • Fletcher B.
      • Feltham M.G.
      • Calvert M.
      • Sackley C.
      • Marshall T.
      Fatigue, psychological and cognitive impairment following transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review.
      Eur J Neurol. 2014; 21: 1258-1267

      When should you call the doctor?

      The nature of the symptoms and effects of mild stroke varies from person to person. If you experience sudden numbness, confusion, trouble seeing, trouble walking, or severe headaches, you should call 911 immediately. After any type of stroke, you should have a 3-month follow-up with your doctor. Many mild stroke symptoms are subtle and are difficult to detect during initial hospitalization.
      Tips on prevention of recurrent stroke and management of common symptoms experienced by people with mild stroke are listed in table 1.
      Table 1Mild Stroke Symptoms and Management
      Common SymptomsWhat You Can DoWhat Your Health Care Practitioner Can Do
      Prevention and risk factor control
      • Kernan W.N.
      • Ovbiagele B.
      • Black H.R.
      • et al.
      Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
      Stroke. 2014; 45: 2160-2236
      , 
      • Billinger S.A.
      • Arena R.
      • Bernhardt J.
      • et al.
      Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
      Stroke. 2014; 45: 2532-2553
      • •
        Stop or decrease smoking
      • •
        Stop or decrease alcohol consumption
      • •
        Control glucose level and avoid too high or low blood sugar level
      • •
        Restrict sitting for long periods of time
      • •
        Exercise at least 4–5 times per week
        • ○
          Brisk walking
        • ○
          Muscle-strengthening activity (eg, lifting weights)
      • •
        Recommend an anticoagulant medication to minimize risk of blood clots
      • •
        Recommend blood pressure medication to ensure blood pressure is well managed at ≤140/90mmHg
      • •
        Recommend medications to manage cholesterol
      • •
        Recommend medications to manage and/or control heart rhythms
      Fatigue management
      • Wu S.
      • Kutlubaev M.A.
      • Chun H.Y.
      • et al.
      Interventions for post-stroke fatigue.
      Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; : CD007030
      , 
      • Hackett M.L.
      • Kohler S.
      • O'Brien J.T.
      • Mead G.E.
      Neuropsychiatric outcomes of stroke.
      Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13: 525-534
      , 
      • Zedlitz A.M.
      • Rietveld T.C.
      • Geurts A.C.
      • Fasotti L.
      Cognitive and graded activity training can alleviate persistent fatigue after stroke: a randomized, controlled trial.
      Stroke. 2012; 43: 1046-1051
      • •
        Mild exercise (eg, walking with increased intensity) can help alleviate fatigue
      • •
        No medication proven to reduce fatigue after stroke
      • •
        Energy conservation and work simplification
      • •
        Focus on treating potentially reversible causes of fatigue (eg, anemia, depression)
      • •
        Referral to cognitive-behavioral therapy, a form of talk therapy, that can reduce symptoms of fatigue
      Rehabilitation of mood disturbance
      • Hackett M.L.
      • Kohler S.
      • O'Brien J.T.
      • Mead G.E.
      Neuropsychiatric outcomes of stroke.
      Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13: 525-534
      ,
      • Robinson R.G.
      • Jorge R.E.
      Post-stroke depression: a review.
      Am J Psychiatry. 2016; 173: 221-231
      , 
      • Ekers D.
      • Webster L.
      • Van Straten A.
      • Cuijpers P.
      • Richards D.
      • Gilbody S.
      Behavioural activation for depression; an update of meta-analysis of effectiveness and sub group analysis.
      PLoS One. 2014; 9: e100100
      , 
      • Marroquín B.
      Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression.
      Clin Psychol Rev. 2011; 31: 1276-1290
      , 
      • Northcott S.
      • Moss B.
      • Harrison K.
      • Hilari K.
      A systematic review of the impact of stroke on social support and social networks: associated factors and patterns of change.
      Clin Rehabil. 2016; 30: 811-831
      , 
      • Rozon J.
      • Rochette A.
      Changes in life habits affected by mild stroke and their association with depressive symptoms.
      J Rehabil Med. 2015; 47: 495-501
      • •
        Mild to moderate exercise (eg, brisk walking) can help alleviate depression
      • •
        Participate in formal support groups or activate informal support from friends and family
      • •
        Return to doing the daily activities you need and want to do (eg, work and leisure activities)
      • •
        Prescribe antidepressant medication for person with depression
      • •
        Consider early antidepressant treatment because it has been shown to improve physical and cognitive symptoms and long-term survival
      • •
        Referral to cognitive-behavioral therapy (eg, care management, education, family support) to reduce depression or anxiety symptoms
      • •
        Combine medical treatment with different therapy to improve the effects
      Cognitive rehabilitation
      • Langa K.M.
      • Levine D.A.
      The diagnosis and management of mild cognitive impairment: a clinical review.
      JAMA. 2014; 312: 2551-2561
      , 
      • Cicerone K.D.
      • Langenbahn D.M.
      • Braden C.
      • et al.
      Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008.
      Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011; 92: 519-530
      • •
        Engage in social and mental stimulation (eg, going out to lunch with friends), which may help sustain cognitive function
      • •
        No medication is currently approved to treat cognitive impairments because of stroke
      • •
        Referral to cognitive rehabilitation therapy might have beneficial effects on cognitive impairments
      Motor rehabilitation
      • Kwakkel G.
      • Veerbeek J.M.
      • van Wegen E.E.
      • Wolf S.L.
      Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke.
      Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14: 224-234
      , 
      • Veerbeek J.M.
      • van Wegen E.
      • van Peppen R.
      • et al.
      What is the evidence for physical therapy poststroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
      PLoS One. 2014; 9: e87987
      • •
        Repetitive practice of the activity you are unable to perform (eg, typing on a computer) to improve motor skills
      • •
        Movement training is very effective for improved functional outcomes. People are encouraged to start early intervention and focus on task repletion for better prognosis.
      • •
        Referral to occupational therapy and physical therapy to treat common poststroke physical symptoms
      Medication
      • Langa K.M.
      • Levine D.A.
      The diagnosis and management of mild cognitive impairment: a clinical review.
      JAMA. 2014; 312: 2551-2561
      , 
      • O’Carroll R.E.
      • Chambers J.A.
      • Dennis M.
      • Sudlow C.
      • Johnston M.
      Improving adherence to medication in stroke survivors: a pilot randomised controlled trial.
      Ann Behav Med. 2013; 46: 358-368
      • •
        Take medications as prescribed by your health care practitioner
      • •
        Do not change or stop your medication (eg, even if you are feeling better) unless you consult your physician
      • •
        If you feel dizzy, sick, or notice a change in how you feel from your medication, contact your physician
      • •
        When medications are recommended, continuously evaluate doses for optimal response
      • •
        Consider and monitor the possible side effects of some medications on rehabilitation outcomes
        Doctors need to consider the possible side effects of some medications on the patient's rehabilitation outcomes. The medications include anticholinergics, opiates, benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (eg, zolpidem), digoxin, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, skeletal muscle relaxants, antiepileptics, and hormonal therapy (estrogen or estrogen plus progestin).
      • •
        Ensure adherence to medication regimen
      Complementary and alternative medicine
      • Garrett R.
      • Immink M.A.
      • Hillier S.
      Becoming connected: the lived experience of yoga participation after stroke.
      Disabil Rehabil. 2011; 33: 2404-2415
      , 
      • Lazaridou A.
      • Philbrook P.
      • Tzika A.A.
      Yoga and mindfulness as therapeutic interventions for stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review.
      Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 357108
      , 
      • Tsai J.C.
      • Wang W.H.
      • Chan P.
      • et al.
      The beneficial effects of Tai Chi Chuan on blood pressure and lipid profile and anxiety status in a randomized controlled trial.
      J Altern Complement Med. 2003; 9: 747-754
      , 
      • Taylor-Piliae R.E.
      • Haskell W.L.
      Tai Chi exercise and stroke rehabilitation.
      Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007; 14: 9-22
      , 
      • Carin-Levy G.
      • Kendall M.
      • Young A.
      • Mead G.
      The psychosocial effects of exercise and relaxation classes for persons surviving a stroke.
      Can J Occup Ther. 2009; 76: 73-80
      , 
      • Page S.J.
      • Levine P.
      • Sisto S.
      • Johnston M.V.
      A randomized efficacy and feasibility study of imagery in acute stroke.
      Clin Rehabil. 2001; 15: 233-240
      • •
        Engage in community-based activities (eg, yoga, Tai Chi)
      • •
        Practice relaxation techniques (eg, guided imagery)
      • •
        Consider discussion and referral to complementary and alternative medicine resources
      ∗ Doctors need to consider the possible side effects of some medications on the patient's rehabilitation outcomes. The medications include anticholinergics, opiates, benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (eg, zolpidem), digoxin, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, skeletal muscle relaxants, antiepileptics, and hormonal therapy (estrogen or estrogen plus progestin).

      Resources

      National Stroke Association; available at: www.stroke.org/.
      The Evidence-Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation (EBRSR); available at: www.ebrsr.com.

      Source

      Our health information content is based on research evidence and represents the consensus of expert opinion.

      Authorship

      What Is Mild Stroke? was developed by Xiaolei Hu, MD, PhD, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (e-mail address: [email protected] ); Patricia C. Heyn, PhD, FACRM, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO; Jaclyn Schwartz, PhD, OTR/L, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL; and Pamela Roberts, PhD, OTR/L, SCFES, FAOTA, CPHQ, FNAP, FACRM, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabiltiation, Cedars-Sinai Health System, Los Angeles, CA.

      Disclaimer

      This information is not meant to replace the advice from a medical professional. You should consult your health care provider regarding specific medical concerns or treatment. This Information/Education Page may be reproduced for noncommercial use for health care professionals to share with patients and their caregivers. Any other reproduction is subject to approval by the publisher.

      References

        • Jauch E.C.
        • Saver J.L.
        • Adams Jr., H.P.
        • et al.
        Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
        Stroke. 2013; 44: 870-947
        View in Article
        • Duca A.
        • Jagoda A.
        Transient ischemic attacks: advances in diagnosis and management in the emergency department.
        Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2016; 34: 811-835
        View in Article
        • Fischer U.
        • Baumgartner A.
        • Arnold M.
        • et al.
        What is a minor stroke?.
        Stroke. 2010; 41: 661-666
        View in Article
        • Romano J.G.
        • Smith E.E.
        • Liang L.
        • et al.
        Outcomes in mild acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis: a retrospective analysis of the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke registry.
        JAMA Neurol. 2015; 72: 423-431
        View in Article
        • Carlsson G.E.
        • Moller A.
        • Blomstrand C.
        Consequences of mild stroke in persons <75 years – a 1-year follow-up.
        Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003; 16: 383-388
        View in Article
        • Ayerbe L.
        • Ayis S.
        • Wolfe C.D.
        • Rudd A.G.
        Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Br J Psychiatry. 2013; 202: 14-21
        View in Article
        • Schöttke H.
        • Giabbiconi C.M.
        Post-stroke depression and post-stroke anxiety: prevalence and predictors.
        Int Psychogeriatr. 2015; 27: 1805-1812
        View in Article
        • Akinwuntan A.E.
        • Devos H.
        • Verheyden G.
        • et al.
        Retraining moderately impaired stroke survivors in driving-related visual attention skills.
        Top Stroke Rehabil. 2010; 17: 328-336
        View in Article
        • Kernan W.N.
        • Ovbiagele B.
        • Black H.R.
        • et al.
        Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
        Stroke. 2014; 45: 2160-2236
        View in Article
        • Moran G.M.
        • Fletcher B.
        • Feltham M.G.
        • Calvert M.
        • Sackley C.
        • Marshall T.
        Fatigue, psychological and cognitive impairment following transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review.
        Eur J Neurol. 2014; 21: 1258-1267
        View in Article
        • Billinger S.A.
        • Arena R.
        • Bernhardt J.
        • et al.
        Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
        Stroke. 2014; 45: 2532-2553
        View in Article
        • Wu S.
        • Kutlubaev M.A.
        • Chun H.Y.
        • et al.
        Interventions for post-stroke fatigue.
        Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; : CD007030
        View in Article
        • Hackett M.L.
        • Kohler S.
        • O'Brien J.T.
        • Mead G.E.
        Neuropsychiatric outcomes of stroke.
        Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13: 525-534
        View in Article
        • Zedlitz A.M.
        • Rietveld T.C.
        • Geurts A.C.
        • Fasotti L.
        Cognitive and graded activity training can alleviate persistent fatigue after stroke: a randomized, controlled trial.
        Stroke. 2012; 43: 1046-1051
        View in Article
        • Robinson R.G.
        • Jorge R.E.
        Post-stroke depression: a review.
        Am J Psychiatry. 2016; 173: 221-231
        View in Article
        • Ekers D.
        • Webster L.
        • Van Straten A.
        • Cuijpers P.
        • Richards D.
        • Gilbody S.
        Behavioural activation for depression; an update of meta-analysis of effectiveness and sub group analysis.
        PLoS One. 2014; 9: e100100
        View in Article
        • Marroquín B.
        Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression.
        Clin Psychol Rev. 2011; 31: 1276-1290
        View in Article
        • Northcott S.
        • Moss B.
        • Harrison K.
        • Hilari K.
        A systematic review of the impact of stroke on social support and social networks: associated factors and patterns of change.
        Clin Rehabil. 2016; 30: 811-831
        View in Article
        • Rozon J.
        • Rochette A.
        Changes in life habits affected by mild stroke and their association with depressive symptoms.
        J Rehabil Med. 2015; 47: 495-501
        View in Article
        • Langa K.M.
        • Levine D.A.
        The diagnosis and management of mild cognitive impairment: a clinical review.
        JAMA. 2014; 312: 2551-2561
        View in Article
        • Cicerone K.D.
        • Langenbahn D.M.
        • Braden C.
        • et al.
        Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008.
        Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011; 92: 519-530
        View in Article
        • Kwakkel G.
        • Veerbeek J.M.
        • van Wegen E.E.
        • Wolf S.L.
        Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke.
        Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14: 224-234
        View in Article
        • Veerbeek J.M.
        • van Wegen E.
        • van Peppen R.
        • et al.
        What is the evidence for physical therapy poststroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
        PLoS One. 2014; 9: e87987
        View in Article
        • O’Carroll R.E.
        • Chambers J.A.
        • Dennis M.
        • Sudlow C.
        • Johnston M.
        Improving adherence to medication in stroke survivors: a pilot randomised controlled trial.
        Ann Behav Med. 2013; 46: 358-368
        View in Article
        • Garrett R.
        • Immink M.A.
        • Hillier S.
        Becoming connected: the lived experience of yoga participation after stroke.
        Disabil Rehabil. 2011; 33: 2404-2415
        View in Article
        • Lazaridou A.
        • Philbrook P.
        • Tzika A.A.
        Yoga and mindfulness as therapeutic interventions for stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review.
        Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 357108
        View in Article
        • Tsai J.C.
        • Wang W.H.
        • Chan P.
        • et al.
        The beneficial effects of Tai Chi Chuan on blood pressure and lipid profile and anxiety status in a randomized controlled trial.
        J Altern Complement Med. 2003; 9: 747-754
        View in Article
        • Taylor-Piliae R.E.
        • Haskell W.L.
        Tai Chi exercise and stroke rehabilitation.
        Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007; 14: 9-22
        View in Article
        • Carin-Levy G.
        • Kendall M.
        • Young A.
        • Mead G.
        The psychosocial effects of exercise and relaxation classes for persons surviving a stroke.
        Can J Occup Ther. 2009; 76: 73-80
        View in Article
        • Page S.J.
        • Levine P.
        • Sisto S.
        • Johnston M.V.
        A randomized efficacy and feasibility study of imagery in acute stroke.
        Clin Rehabil. 2001; 15: 233-240
        View in Article

      Article Info

      Publication History

      Published online: April 28, 2017

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.03.004

      Copyright

      © 2017 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine

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