Abstract
Objective
To improve the clinical utility of the Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) by reexamining
its factor structure and comparing its performance against a measure of general self-efficacy
in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Design
Cross-sectional survey design.
Setting
Community.
Participants
Adults with SCI (N=161; 118 men and 43 women) recruited from Australia (n=82) and
the United States (n=79), including 86 with paraplegia and 75 with tetraplegia.
Interventions
None.
Main Outcome Measures
Confirmatory factor analysis deriving fit indices on reported 1-, 2-, and 3-factor
structures for the MSES. Exploratory factor analysis of MSES using principal component
analysis with promax oblique rotation and structure validation, with correlations
and multiple regression using cross-sectional data from the Sherer General Self-Efficacy
Scale and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
Results
The MSES was confirmed to have a 3-factor structure, explaining 61% of variance. Two
of the factors, labeled social function self-efficacy and personal function self-efficacy,
were SCI condition–specific, whereas the other factor (accounting for 9.7% of variance)
represented general self-efficacy, correlating most strongly with the Sherer General
Self-Efficacy Scale. Correlations and multiple regression analyses between MSES factors,
Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale total score, SF-36 Physical and Mental Component
Summary scores, and SF-36 domain scores support validity of this MSES factor structure.
No significant cross-cultural differences existed between Australia and the United
States in total MSES or factor scores.
Conclusions
The findings support a 3-factor structure encompassing general and SCI domain–specific
self-efficacy beliefs and better position the MSES to assist SCI rehabilitation assessment,
planning, and research.
Keywords
List of abbreviations:
GSE (generalized self-efficacy), MSES (Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale), QOL (quality of life), RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation), SCI (spinal cord injury), SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Archives of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Quality of life, social participation, appraisals and coping post spinal cord injury: a review of four community samples.Spinal Cord. 2006; 44: 95-105
- Relationship between quality of life and self-efficacy in persons with spinal cord injuries.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007; 88: 1643-1648
- Environmental factors and their role in participation and life satisfaction after spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004; 85: 1793-1803
- Adjustment following chronic spinal cord injury: determining factors that contribute to social participation.Br J Health Psychol. 2015; 20: 807-823
- Social and community participation following spinal cord injury: a critical review.Int J Rehabil Res. 2015; 38: 1-19
- Return to work following spinal cord injury: a review.Disabil Rehabil. 2007; 29: 1341-1375
- Predicting employment status at 2 years' postdischarge from spinal cord injury rehabilitation.Rehabil Psychol. 2011; 56: 251-256
- A prospective study of the occurrence of psychological disorders and co-morbidities following spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015; 96: 1426-1434
- Developing a model of associations between chronic pain, depressive mood, chronic fatigue, and self-efficacy in people with spinal cord injury.J Pain. 2013; 14: 911-920
- A longitudinal analysis of emotional impact, coping strategies and post-traumatic psychological growth following spinal cord injury: a 10-year review.Br J Health Psychol. 2007; 12: 347-362
- Prevalence of depression after spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015; 96: 133-140
- Psychosocial issues in spinal cord injury: a review.Spinal Cord. 2012; 50: 382-389
- Psychological resources, appraisals, and coping and their relationship to participation in spinal cord injury: a path analysis.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014; 95: 1662-1671
- Examining factors that contribute to the process of resilience following spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord. 2013; 51: 553-557
- Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychol Rev. 1977; 84: 191-215
- Self-efficacy: the exercise of control.Freeman, New York1997
- Measuring general self-efficacy: a comparison of three measures using item response theory.Educ Psychol Meas. 2006; 66: 1047-1063
- Self-efficacy and chronic pain outcomes: a meta-analytic review.J Pain. 2014; 15: 800-814
- Self-efficacy and self-management after stroke: a systematic review.Disabil Rehabil. 2011; 33: 797-810
- Self-efficacy and arthritis disability: an updated synthesis of the evidence base and its relevance to optimal patient care.Health Psychol Open. 2014; 1: 1-18
- Is self-efficacy associated with diabetes self-management across race/ethnicity and health literacy?.Diabetes Care. 2006; 29: 823-829
- Self-efficacy and self-reported functional status in coronary heart disease: a six-month prospective study.Psychosom Med. 1998; 60: 473-478
- Measuring self-efficacy in people with multiple sclerosis: a validation study.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996; 77: 394-398
- Disability status, perceived health, social support, self-efficacy, and quality of life among people with spinal cord injury in the People's Republic of China.Int J Rehabil Res. 2001; 24: 69-71
- Subjective well-being among people with spinal cord injuries: the role of self-efficacy, perceived social support, and perceived health.Rehabil Counsel Bull. 2004; 48: 31-37
- Determinants of self-efficacy among persons with spinal cord injuries.Disabil Rehabil. 1998; 20: 138-141
- Helplessness, self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, and depression in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury.Ann Behav Med. 1997; 19: 287-294
- Self-efficacy and spinal cord injury: psychometric properties of a new scale.Rehabil Psychol. 2003; 48: 281-288
- The measurement of self-efficacy in persons with spinal cord injury: psychometric validation of the Moorong self-efficacy scale.Disabil Rehabil. 2009; 31: 988-993
- Psychometric validation of the Moorong self-efficacy scale in people with spinal cord injury: a brief report.Rehabil Counsel Bull. 2014; 58: 54-57
- Generalised self-efficacy scale.in: Weinman J. Wright S. Johnston M. Measures in health psychology: a user's portfolio causal and control beliefs. Nfer-Nelson, Windsor1995: 35-37
- A pilot investigation of a psychosocial activity course for people with spinal cord injuries.Psychol Health Med. 2006; 11: 91-99
- Rasch analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale in spinal cord injury.J Health Psychol. 2014; 19: 544-555
- The Self-Efficacy Scale: construction and validation.Psychol Rep. 1982; 51: 663-671
- Developing an algorithm capable of discriminating depressed mood in people with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord. 2014; 52: 413-416
- Factors predicting resilience in people with spinal cord injury during transition from inpatient rehabilitation to the community.Spinal Cord. 2015; 53: 682-686
- Construction validation of the self-efficacy scale.Psychol Rep. 1983; 53: 899-902
- The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection.Med Care. 1992; 30: 473-483
- Ware Jr., J.E. Kosinski M. Keller S.D. SF-36 physical and mental health summary scales: a user's manual. The Health Institute, Boston1994
- Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care.BMJ. 1992; 305: 160-164
- Comparative fit indexes in structural equation models.Psychol Bull. 1990; 107: 238-246
- A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis.Psychmetrika. 1973; 38: 1-10
- Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit.Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods. 2008; 6: 53-60
- Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach.Multivariate Behav Res. 1990; 25: 173-180
- Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Struct Equ Modeling. 1999; 6: 1-55
- Using multivariate statistics.Pearson Allyn & Bacon, Upper Saddle River2007
- Exploratory factor analysis: a five-step guide for novices.Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. 2010; 8: 1-13
- Assessing reliability and stability in panel models.Sociol Methodol. 1977; 1: 84-136
- A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling.2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah2004
- The Scree Test for the number of factors.Multivariate Behav Res. 1966; 1: 245-276
- Self-efficacy and self-esteem as predictors of participation in spinal cord injury–an ICF-based study.Spinal Cord. 2012; 50: 699-706
- Social-cognitive mechanisms and personality coherence: self-knowledge, situational beliefs, and cross-situational coherence in perceived self-efficacy.Psychol Sci. 1997; 8: 43-50
- Assessment of perceived general self-efficacy on the internet: data collection in cyberspace.Anxiety Stress Coping. 1999; 12: 145-161
Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 12, 2016
Footnotes
Disclosures: none.
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
