Abstract
Objective
Data Sources
Study Selection
Data Extraction
Data Synthesis
Conclusions
Keywords
List of abbreviations:
CONTENT (Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise Training), SMD (standardized mean difference), WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index)Methods
Search strategy
Selection criteria
Assessment of methodologic quality
Quantitative data synthesis
Results
Included and excluded studies
Methodologic quality of the studies
Study | PEDro Criterion | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Total | |
Weidenhielm et al 41 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Borjesson et al 42 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
D’Lima et al 29 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Rodgers et al 43 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Wang et al 38 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Gilbey et al 39 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Beaupre et al 44 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Gocen et al 45 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Nunez et al 40 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Rooks et al 46 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Williamson et al 47 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Evgeniadis et al 48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Ferrara et al 49 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Aoki et al 30 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Hoogeboom et al 25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Swank et al 37 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Oosting et al 26 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
McKay et al 50 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Participant characteristics
Study | Type of Surgery | Groups | n | Age (y), Mean ± SD | Sex % Female |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weidenhielm et al 41 | Unilateral unicompartmental KR | Intervention | 20 | 64±4 | 55 |
Control | 20 | 63±5 | 45 | ||
Borjesson et al 42 | Unilateral KR or high tibial osteotomy | Intervention | 34 | 64±4 | 50 |
Control | 34 | 64±5 | 50 | ||
D’Lima et al 29 | Unilateral TKR | Intervention A | 10 | 68.5±46 | 70 |
Intervention B | 10 | 71.6±6.6 | 20 | ||
Control | 10 | 69.5±6.5 | 50 | ||
Rodgers et al 43 | Unilateral TKR | Intervention | 12 | 70 (range 63–78) | 60 |
Control | 11 | 65 (range 50–83) | 50 | ||
Wang et al 38 | Unilateral THR | Intervention | 15 | 68.3±8.2 | 60 |
Control | 13 | 65.7±8.4 | 69 | ||
Gilbey et al 39 | Unilateral THR | Intervention | 37 | 66.7±10.2 | 57 |
Control | 31 | 63.3±12.0 | 68 | ||
Beaupre et al 44 | Primary TKR | Intervention | 65 | 67±7 | 60 |
Control | 66 | 67±6 | 50 | ||
Gocen et al 45 | Primary THR | Intervention | 30 | 46.9±11.5 | 45 |
Control | 30 | 55.5±14.4 | 27 | ||
Nunez et al 40 | Primary TKR | Intervention | 51 | 72.6±6.2 | 76 |
Control | 49 | 69.5±6.8 | 65 | ||
Rooks et al 46 | 1. Primary unilateral THR | 1. Intervention | 32 | 65±11 | 63 |
Control | 31 | 59±7 | 52 | ||
2. Primary unilateral TKR | 2. Intervention | 22 | 65±8 | 50 | |
Control | 23 | 69±8 | 57 | ||
Williamson et al 47 | Primary KR (total or unicondylar, unilateral or bilateral) | Intervention | 60 | 70.0±8.8 | 52 |
Control | 61 | 69.6±10.0 | 54 | ||
Evgeniadis et al 48 | Primary TKR | Intervention | 24 | 67.1±4.4 | 70 |
Control | 24 | 69.4±1.9 | 83 | ||
Ferrara et al 49 | Primary THR | Intervention | 11 | 63.8±9.0 | 64 |
Control | 12 | 63.1±6.9 | 58 | ||
Aoki et al 30 | Primary TKR (unilateral or bilateral) | Intervention | 17 | 72.3±5.2 | 100 |
Control | 19 | 74.4±6.4 | 100 | ||
Hoogeboom et al 25 | Primary THR | Invention | 10 | 77±3 | 70 |
Control | 11 | 75±5 | 64 | ||
Swank et al 37 | Unilateral TKR | Intervention | 36 | 63.1±7.3 | 67 |
Control | 35 | 62.6±7.6 | 63 | ||
Oosting et al 26 | Primary THR | Intervention | 15 | 76.9±6.3 | 93 |
Control | 15 | 75.0±6.3 | 67 | ||
McKay et al 50 | Primary unilateral TKR | Intervention | 10 | 63.5±4.9 | 50 |
Control | 12 | 60.6±8.1 | 67 |
Content and design of interventions
Study | Program Type | Supervised Sessions: Group (n) or Individual | Supervised Sessions Conducted by | Duration of Program | Frequency of Supervised Classes | Duration of Each Supervised Class | Unsupervised Home Exercise Program | Exercise Intensity | Compliance With Exercise Program |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weidenhielm et al 41 | Land based: strengthening, stretching, aerobic | Group (3–4) | PT | 5wk | ×3/wk | ? | Daily | Ex bike 10min at 50 turns/min ST: 2×10 reps, ? progression | ? |
Borjesson et al 42 | Land based: strengthening, stretching, aerobic | Group (n=?) | PT | 5wk | ×3/wk | 40min | ×2/wk | Ex bike 10min w/o resistance ST: 2×10 reps; progressed by 10RM principle | ? |
D’Lima et al 29 | Intervention A: Land based: strengthening, stretching | Individual | PT | 6wk | ×3/wk | 45min | No | ST: ? reps or intensity, reps increased ×1/d Arm and leg cycling: Intensity=resting heart rate+(0.4–0.7) maximum heart rate Pool based: no details | ? |
Intervention B: Land based and pool based: strengthening, stretching, aerobic | ? | ? | 6wk | ×3/wk | 45min | No | |||
Rodgers et al 43 | Land based: strengthening, stretching, aerobic | ? | PT | 6wk | ×3/wk | ? | No | ST: ? reps Initial intensity per “baseline capacity” and “advanced accordingly” at 3wk | ? |
Wang et al 38 | Land based and pool based: strengthening, stretching, aerobic | ? | ? exercise physiologist | 8wk | ×2/wk | 1h | ×2/wk | ST: (1–3)×10 reps progressed in 5-kg increments, “subjects determined the intensity of their exercise sessions” Pool based: no details | 97% of the sessions completed |
Gilbey et al 39 | Land based and pool based: strengthening, stretching, aerobic | Land: (n=?) Pool: group (≤3) | ? exercise physiologist | 8wk | ×2/wk | 1h | ×2/wk | ST: (1–3)×10 reps Intensity and progression per ACSM guidelines | 97% of the sessions completed |
Beaupre et al 44 | Land based: strengthening, aerobic Postoperative education | ? | PT | 4wk | ×3/wk | ≤30min | No | Ex bike: 5–10min “low resistance” ST: 3×10 reps increased to 3×15 reps | All but 1 participant completed the 12 sessions |
Gocen et al 45 | Land based: strengthening, stretching Education on ADL | Individual | PT | 8wk | Fortnightly | ? | ×3/d | ST: 10 reps, ? intensity, ? progression | ? |
Nunez et al 40 | Land based: strengthening, flexibility, “general exercises” | Individual and group (10–12) | “health educator” | 12wk | 4 total | 30–90min | Daily | ST: 10–30 reps, ? intensity, ? progression | ? |
Rooks et al 46 | Land based and pool based: strengthening, stretching, aerobic Education on home modifications | Group (n=?) | PT | 6wk | ×3/wk | 30–60min | No | Ex bike: 10min at “moderate intensity” ST: (1–2)×(8–12) reps, ? progression | 89% of the sessions completed |
Williamson et al 47 | Land based: strengthening, stretching, balance | Group (6–10) | PT | 6wk | ×1/wk | 1h | Yes (“encouraged”) | ST: ? reps ? intensity, ? progression | ? |
Evgeniadis et al 48 | Land based: strengthening (mostly upper limb and trunk) | Individual | PT or orthopedist | 3wk | ×3/wk | ? | No | ST: (1–3)×(10–14) reps, intensity to “modest fatigue,” resistance progressed when able to perform 15 reps | ? |
Ferrara et al 49 | Land based: strengthening, strengthening, aerobic Postoperative education | Individual and group (≤3) | PT | 4wk | ×5/wk | 60min | No | Ex bike: 15min at “low or moderate” intensity Strengthening: (3–4)×(8–12) reps, ? progression | ? |
Aoki et al 30 | Land based: stretching | Individual | ? PT | 11–12wk | None | NA | Daily | Stretch 30s 10 times, “keep the knee flexed as much as possible” | Exercises completed on 93.1% of the days |
Hoogeboom et al 25 | Land based: strengthening, aerobic, functional Postoperative education | ? | PT | 3–6wk | ≥×2/wk | 1h | Yes, on nontraining days | Ex bike: 20–30min ST: “sets” of 10–20 reps Functional: ? reps Intensity moderate to high perceived exertion. Progression to maintain desired perceived exertion | 91% of the sessions completed |
Swank et al 37 | Land based: strengthening, stretching | ? | “Research personnel” | 4–8wk | ×1/wk | ? | ≥×2/wk | ST: (1–2)×10 reps progressed from “low” to “moderate” resistance. Intensity “moderately fatiguing” | 90% of the sessions completed |
Oosting et al 26 | Land based: “Functional tasks exercise” | Individual | PT | 3–6wk | ×2/wk | 30min | ×4/wk | Functional exercises: 30min, ? reps, intensity and reps “progressively increased over time” Intensity 55%–75% max heart rate or 11–13 on Borg scale | 99% of the sessions completed |
McKay et al 50 | Land based: aerobic, strengthening | Individual | Kinesiologist | 6wk | ×3/wk | 30min | No | ST: 2×8 reps at 60% of 1 rep max and progressed by 1-kg increments | 98% of the sessions completed |
Quantitative data synthesis
Participants awaiting knee replacement

Participants awaiting hip replacement

Adverse events
Discussion
- Garber C.E.
- Blissmer B.
- Deschenes M.R.
- et al.
Study limitations
Higgins J, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. Available at: www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Conclusions
Implications for practice
- Garber C.E.
- Blissmer B.
- Deschenes M.R.
- et al.
Implications for future research
- •whether exercise has different effects for or is differently tolerated by people awaiting knee replacement versus hip replacement,
- •whether exercise can produce sustained preoperative improvements particularly for people awaiting hip replacement surgery, and
- •the optimal design of exercise-based interventions including the type, frequency, intensity, and duration of the program.
Appendix 1. Database search strategies
- 1.exp *Physical Therapy/
- 2.exp *EXERCISE/
- 3.exp *GROUP EXERCISE/
- 4.exp *THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE/
- 5.exp *REHABILITATION/
- 6.exp *HOME REHABILITATION/
- 7.exp *REHABILITATION, COMMUNITY-BASED/
- 8.exp *RESEARCH, REHABILITATION/
- 9.exp *REHABILITATION, GERIATRIC/
- 10.exp *HYDROTHERAPY/
- 11.exp *Aquatic Exercises/
- 12.exp *physical activity/
- 13.exp *physical fitness/
- 14.exp *physical exertion/
- 15.exp *athletic training/
- 16.1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15
- 17.exp HIP/
- 18.exp HIP JOINT/
- 19.exp KNEE/
- 20.exp KNEE JOINT/
- 21.hip.mp. [mp=title, CINAHL subject headings, abstract, instrumentation]
- 22.knee.mp. [mp=title, CINAHL subject headings, abstract, instrumentation]
- 23.exp Hip Surgery/
- 24.exp Knee Surgery/
- 25.exp ARTHROPLASTY/
- 26.exp ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT/
- 27.exp ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, HIP/
- 28.exp ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, KNEE/
- 29.exp Joint Prosthesis/
- 30.joint replacement.mp. [mp=title, CINAHL subject headings, abstract, instrumentation]
- 31.arthroplasty.mp. [mp=title, CINAHL subject headings, abstract, instrumentation]
- 32.23 or 24 or 27 or 28
- 33.17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22
- 34.25 or 26 or 29 or 30 or 31
- 35.33 and 34
- 36.32 or 35
- 37.16 and 36
CINAHL
- 1.exp *EXERCISE/
- 2.exp *REHABILITATION/
- 3.exp *HYDROTHERAPY/
- 4.exp *EXERCISE THERAPY/
- 5.exp *Swimming/
- 6.exp *Exercise Movement Techniques/
- 7.exp *Physical Therapy Modalities/
- 8.exp *“Physical Therapy (Specialty)”/
- 9.exercise.mp. [mp=title, abstract, CAS registry/ec number word, MeSH subject heading]
- 10.physiotherapy.mp. [mp=title, abstract, CAS registry/ec number word, MeSH subject heading]
- 11.physical therapy.mp. [mp=title, abstract, CAS registry/ec number word, MeSH subject heading]
- 12.exp *SWIMMING/
- 13.exp *EXERTION/
- 14.1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13
- 15.exp HIP/
- 16.exp HIP JOINT/
- 17.exp KNEE/
- 18.exp KNEE JOINT/
- 19.hip.mp. [mp=title, abstract, CAS registry/ec number word, MeSH subject heading]
- 20.knee.mp. [mp=title, abstract, CAS registry/ec number word, MeSH subject heading]
- 21.exp Joint Prosthesis/
- 22.exp Hip Prosthesis/
- 23.exp Knee Prosthesis/
- 24.exp “Prostheses and Implants”/
- 25.exp ARTHROPLASTY/
- 26.exp ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT/
- 27.exp ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, HIP/
- 28.exp ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, KNEE/
- 29.arthroplasty.mp.
- 30.joint replacement.mp.
- 31.21 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 29 or 30
- 32.15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20
- 33.31 and 32
- 34.22 or 23 or 27 or 28
- 35.33 or 34
- 36.14 and 35
MEDLINE
- 1.exp *Physiotherapy/
- 2.exp *Physical Activity/
- 3.exp *EXERCISE/
- 4.exp *Kinesiotherapy/
- 5.exp *HYDROTHERAPY/
- 6.exp *REHABILITATION/
- 7.exp *FITNESS/
- 8.exp ARTHROPLASTY/
- 9.exp HIP ARTHROPLASTY/
- 10.exp KNEE ARTHROPLASTY/
- 11.exp JOINT PROSTHESIS/
- 12.exp Knee Prosthesis/
- 13.exp Hip Prosthesis/
- 14.exp HIP/
- 15.exp KNEE/
- 16.14 or 15
- 17.8 or 11
- 18.16 and 17
- 19.exp Total Knee Replacement/
- 20.exp Total Hip Prosthesis/
- 21.exp Knee Surgery/
- 22.exp Hip Surgery/
- 23.joint replacement.mp.
- 24.arthroplasty.mp.
- 25.9 or 10 or 12 or 13 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24
- 26.1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7
- 27.25 and 26
Embase
References
- Patient-related risk factors that predict poor outcome after total hip replacement.Health Serv Res. 1996; 31: 623-638
- Health related quality of life outcomes after total hip and knee arthroplasties in a community-based population.J Rheumatol. 2000; 27: 1745-1752
- Disability and mental health of patients waiting for total hip replacement.Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2001; 83: 128-133
- Health-related quality of life in patients waiting for major joint replacement: a comparison between patients and population controls.Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006; 4: 3
- A comparison of outcomes in osteoarthritis patients undergoing total hip and knee replacement surgery.Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2001; 9: 137-146
- Patient outcomes following tricompartmental total knee replacement: a meta-analysis.JAMA. 1994; 271: 1349-1357
- The burden of waiting for hip and knee replacements in Ontario. Ontario Hip and Knee Replacement Project Team.J Eval Clin Pract. 1997; 3: 59-68
- Decline in health-related quality of life reported by more than half of those waiting for joint replacement surgery: a prospective cohort study.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011; 12: 108
- Outcomes of total hip and knee replacement: preoperative functional status predicts outcomes at six months after surgery.Arthritis Rheum. 1999; 42: 1722-1728
- Determinants of function after total knee arthroplasty.Phys Ther. 2003; 83: 696-706
- Physical therapy is effective for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled clinical trial.J Rheumatol. 2001; 28: 156-164
- OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines.Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008; 16: 137-162
- OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part III: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009.Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010; 18: 476-499
- Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; Issue 4: CD004376https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
- Exercise for osteoarthritis of the hip.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; Issue 3: CD007912https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858
- Does pre-operative physiotherapy improve outcomes from lower limb joint replacement surgery? A systematic review.J Physiother. 2004; 50: 25-30
- Could preoperative rehabilitation modify postoperative outcomes after total hip and knee arthroplasty? Elaboration of French clinical practice guidelines.Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique. 2007; 50: 189-197
- Current Australian practice in pre-operative physiotherapy prior to total knee replacement surgery.Physiotherapy. 2004; 90: 176-182
- PEDro: a database of randomized trials and systematic reviews in physiotherapy.Man Ther. 2000; 5: 223-226
- Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials.Phys Ther. 2003; 83: 713-721
- Stroke rehabilitation evidence-based review: methodology.Top Stroke Rehabil. 2003; 10: 1-7
- The effects of preoperative exercise therapy on postoperative outcome: a systematic review.Clin Rehabil. 2010; 25: 99-111
- Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Revised edition.2nd ed. Academic Pr, New York1977
- [Computer program]. Version 5.1.The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen2011
- Preoperative therapeutic exercise in frail elderly scheduled for total hip replacement: a randomized pilot trial.Clin Rehabil. 2010; 24: 901-910
- Preoperative home-based physical therapy versus usual care to improve functional health of frail older adults scheduled for elective total hip arthroplasty: a pilot randomized controlled trial.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012; 93: 610-616
- Responsiveness of the WOMAC osteoarthritis index as compared with the SF36 in patients with osteoarthritis of the legs undergoing a comprehensive rehabilitation intervention.Ann Rheum Dis. 2001; 60: 834-840
- Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS)—validity and responsiveness in total hip replacement.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2003; 4: 10
- The effect of preoperative exercise on total knee replacement outcomes.Clin Orthop. 1996; 326: 174-182
- Home stretching exercise is effective for improving knee range of motion and gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis.J Phys Ther Sci. 2009; 21: 113-119
- Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample.BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005; 5: 13
- Effects of preoperative water exercise on total knee replacement patients.J Aquat Phys Ther. 2000; 8: 12-17
- Preoperative proprioceptive training in patients with total knee arthroplasty.Knee. 2011; 18: 265-270
- [No positive effect of preoperative exercise therapy and teaching in patients to be subjected to hip arthroplasty].[Dutch] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1994; 138: 949-952
- Land-based versus pool-based exercise for people awaiting joint replacement surgery of the hip or knee: results of a randomized controlled trial.Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009; 90: 388-394
- The effect of prehabilitation exercise on strength and functioning after total knee arthroplasty.Phys Med Rehabil. 2009; 1: 729-735
- Prehabilitation before total knee arthroplasty increases strength and function in older adults with severe osteoarthritis.J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25: 318
- Perioperative exercise programs improve early return of ambulatory function after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, controlled trial.Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002; 81: 801-806
- Exercise improves early functional recovery after total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop. 2003; 408: 193-200
- The effect of an educational program to improve health-related quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis on waiting list for total knee replacement: a randomized study.Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006; 14: 279-285
- Effect of preoperative physiotherapy in unicompartmental prosthetic knee replacement.Scand J Rehabil Med. 1993; 25: 33-39
- Physiotherapy in knee osteoarthrosis: effect on pain and walking.Physiother Res Int. 1996; 1: 89-97
- Preoperative physical therapy in primary total knee arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty. 1998; 13: 414-421
- The effect of a preoperative exercise and education program on functional recovery, health related quality of life, and health service utilization following primary total knee arthroplasty.J Rheumatol. 2004; 31: 1166-1173
- The effect of preoperative physiotherapy and education on the outcome of total hip replacement: a prospective randomized controlled trial.Clin Rehabil. 2004; 18: 353-358
- Effect of preoperative exercise on measures of functional status in men and women undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty.Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 55: 700-708
- Severe knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial of acupuncture, physiotherapy (supervised exercise) and standard management for patients awaiting knee replacement.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007; 46: 1445-1449
- Effects of pre- or postoperative therapeutic exercise on the quality of life, before and after total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis.J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2008; 21: 161-169
- Effect of pre-operative physiotherapy in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis undergoing hip arthroplasty.Clin Rehabil. 2008; 22: 977-986
- The effect of a prehabilitation exercise program on quadriceps strength for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled pilot study.Phys Med Rehabil. 2012; 4: 647-656
- Quality assessment of meta-analyses of RCTs of pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder.Curr Med Res Opin. 2004; 20: 477-484
- A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee.J Sci Med Sport. 2011; 14: 4-9
- Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing land and aquatic exercise for people with hip or knee arthritis on function, mobility and other health outcomes.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011; 12: 123
- Therapeutic validity and effectiveness of preoperative exercise on functional recovery after joint replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS ONE. 2012; 7: e38031
- American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43: 1334-1359
- Building the rationale and structure for a complex physical therapy intervention within the context of a clinical trial: a multimodal individualized treatment for patients with hip osteoarthritis.Phys Ther. 2011; 91: 1525-1541
- Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a randomized clinical trial.JAMA. 2006; 296: 1851-1857
- GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence-publication bias.J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 1277-1282
- Recommendations for a core set of outcome measures for future phase III clinical trials in knee, hip, and hand osteoarthritis: consensus development at OMERACT III.J Rheumatol. 1997; 24: 799-802
Higgins J, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. Available at: www.cochrane-handbook.org.
- The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration.Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134: 663-694
- Primary total knee arthroplasty.in: Chapman M.W. Chapman’s orthopaedic surgery. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia2001
- Primary total hip arthroplasty.in: Chapman M.W. Chapman’s orthopaedic surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia2001
- Conservative non-pharmacological treatment options are not frequently used in the management of hip osteoarthritis.J Sci Med Sport. 2006; 9: 81-86
- Physical therapy services for older adults with at least moderately severe hip or knee arthritis in 2 Ontario counties.J Rheumatol. 2005; 32: 123-129
- Pre-operative interventions (non-surgical and non-pharmacological) for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis awaiting joint replacement surgery—a systematic review and meta-analysis.Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011; 19: 1381-1395
Article Info
Publication History
Footnotes
No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit on the authors or on any organization with which the authors are associated.