Abstract
Batavia M. Contraindications for superficial heat and therapeutic ultrasound: do sources
agree? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1006-12.
Objectives
To determine the amount of agreement among general rehabilitation sources for both
superficial heating and therapeutic ultrasound contraindications.
Data sources
English-language textbook and peer-reviewed journal sources, from January 1992 to
July 2002. Searches of computerized databases (HealthSTAR, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase)
as well as Library of Congress Online Catalogs, Books in Print, and AcqWeb’s Directory
of Publishers and Venders.
Data selection
Sources were excluded if they (1) were published before 1992, (2) failed to address
general rehabilitation audiences, or (3) were identified as a researcher’s related
publication with similar information on the topic.
Data extraction
Type and number of contraindications, type of audience, year of publication, number
of references, rationales, and alternative treatment strategies.
Data synthesis
Eighteen superficial heat and 20 ultrasound sources identified anywhere from 5 to
22 and 9 to 36 contraindications/precautions, respectively. Agreement among sources
was generally high but ranged from 11% to 95%, with lower agreement noted for pregnancy,
metal implants, edema, skin integrity, and cognitive/communicative concerns. Seventy-two
percent of superficial heat sources and 25% of ultrasound sources failed to reference
at least 1 contraindication claim.
Conclusions
Agreement among contraindication sources was generally good for both superficial heat
and therapeutic ultrasound. Sources varied with regard to the number of contraindications,
references, and rationales cited. Greater reliance on objective data and standardized
classification systems may serve to develop more uniform guidelines for superficial
heat and therapeutic ultrasound.
Keywords
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© 2004 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
