Circuit-Based Rehabilitation Improves Gait Endurance but Not Usual Walking Activity in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Mudge, Suzie; Barber, P. Alan; Stott, N. Susan

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.07.015

« Previous Next »Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 90, Issue 12 , Pages 1989-1996, December 2009

Circuit-Based Rehabilitation Improves Gait Endurance but Not Usual Walking Activity in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article Outline

Abstract
Methods
- Outcome Measures
- Statistical Analysis
  - Baseline data
  - Postintervention measures
Results
- Baseline
- Postintervention
Discussion
- Study Limitations
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Appendix 1. Content and Progressions of Circuit Exercise Program
Appendix 2. General Objectives for Social and Educational Program Sessions
References
Copyright

Abstract

Mudge S, Barber PA, Stott NS. Circuit-based rehabilitation improves gait endurance but not usual walking activity in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective

To determine whether circuit-based rehabilitation would increase the amount and rate that individuals with stroke walk in their usual environments.

Design

Single-blind randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Rehabilitation clinic.

Participants

Sixty participants with a residual gait deficit at least 6 months after stroke originally enrolled in the study. Two withdrew in the initial phase, leaving 58 participants (median age, 71.5y; range, 39.0–89.0y) who were randomized to the 2 intervention groups.

Interventions

The exercise group had 12 sessions of clinic-based rehabilitation delivered in a circuit class designed to improve walking. The control group received a comparable duration of group social and educational classes.

Main Outcome Measures

Usual walking performance was assessed using the StepWatch Activity Monitor. Clinical tests were gait speed (timed 10-meter walk) and endurance (six-minute walk test [6MWT]), confidence (Activities-Based Confidence Scale), self-reported mobility (Rivermead Mobility Index [RMI]), and self-reported physical activity (Physical Activity and Disability Scale).

Results

Intention-to-treat analysis revealed that the exercise group showed a significantly greater distance for the 6MWT than the control group immediately after the intervention (P=.030) but that this effect was not retained 3 months later. There were no changes in the StepWatch measures of usual walking performance for either group. The exercise and control groups had significantly different gait speed (P=.038) and scores on the RMI (P=.025) at the 3-month follow-up. These differences represented a greater decline in the control group compared with the exercise group for both outcome measures.

Conclusions

Circuit-based rehabilitation leads to improvements in gait endurance but does not change the amount or rate of walking performance in usual environments. Clinical gains made by the exercise group were lost 3 months later. Future studies should consider whether rehabilitation needs to occur in usual environments to improve walking performance.

Key Words: Rehabilitation, Stroke, Walking

Abbreviations: ABC, Activities-Specific Balance and Confidence Scale, 6MWT, six-minute walk test, PADS, Physical Activity and Disability Scale, RMI, Rivermead Mobility Index

PERSISTENT PHYSICAL DISABILITY is reported by 50% to 65% of persons with stroke, making it the leading cause of long-term disability in adults.¹, ², ³ Although most recovery occurs in the first 6 months after stroke,⁴ there is mounting evidence that rehabilitation beyond this time may result in further gains.⁵, ⁶

Walking remains a major focus of physical therapy programs,⁷ although the specific components of training that optimize walking recovery are less certain. Task-oriented gait training, including walking in all directions, over different surfaces, obstacles, inclines, and steps, consistently results in improved clinical measures of gait, particularly self-selected gait speed and endurance.⁸, ⁹, ¹⁰, ¹¹, ¹², ¹³, ¹⁴

Strength training has been included in some physical therapy programs with more variable results.¹⁵ There is relatively consistent evidence for gains in strength when progressive resistance principles are applied.¹⁶, ¹⁷, ¹⁸ However, the translation of benefits from strength training to functional activities, such as walking, is less clear.¹⁸ The variable results seen in different studies may reflect differences in strength training protocols,¹⁹ because some studies do not demonstrate evidence of adequate overload of the muscle.²⁰, ²¹

Although rehabilitation leads to measurable gains in walking speed and endurance, and amelioration of impairments, it is not known whether these improvements translate into an improvement in function once individuals return to their own environments.²² The aim of this study was to determine whether rehabilitation, delivered as a circuit exercise program, would increase the amount and rate that individuals with stroke walk in their usual environments.

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Methods

This is a prospective, randomized, single-blind, attention-controlled clinical trial of circuit-based rehabilitation in adults at least 6 months after stroke. Participants were a convenience sample recruited through the Stroke Foundation of New Zealand, stroke clubs, and the local hospital stroke service. Information sheets about the study were provided to potential candidates who were invited to contact the principal investigator if they wished to participate. The study was approved by the regional ethics committee, and each participant provided informed consent. Procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Participants were eligible for inclusion if they had had 1 or more strokes more than 6 months earlier, had been discharged from rehabilitation, and were able to walk independently (with an aid if necessary). Some residual gait difficulty was required, as defined by a score of less than 2 on at least 1 of the walking items of the physical functioning scale of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey.²³ Participants were excluded if they had progressive neurologic disease, other significant health problems that adversely affected walking ability, more than 2 falls in the previous 6 months, unstable cardiac conditions, uncontrolled hypertension, or congestive heart failure. A letter detailing the proposed program and inclusion and exclusion criteria was sent to each participant's general practitioner for medical clearance prior to enrollment in the study.

Participants were randomly assigned to the exercise or control group through the use of computer-generated random numbers by an individual not associated with the study. Randomization was revealed to each participant by the principal investigator after the second baseline assessment.

Participants allocated to the exercise group participated in 12 group circuit exercise sessions 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The groups contained up to 9 participants and were led by 1 of the investigators (S.M.) assisted by 2 physiotherapy students. There were 15 stations in the circuit, which were graded to each participant's ability and progressed as tolerated. Each station contained either a task-oriented gait or standing balance activity, or strengthening of a lower extremity muscle in a way designed to improve gait. Details of the content of each station and examples of progressions are provided in appendix 1. The total exercise time was 30 minutes, although sessions lasted between 50 to 60 minutes, including stretching. Participants spent 2 minutes at each station of the circuit, with time allowed to move between stations and receive instructions for the next station. Details about exercise intensity and/or repetitions performed at each station were recorded for each participant.

Participants in the control group attended eight 90-minute sessions over 4 weeks in groups of up to 8. The control group was run by an occupational therapist and consisted of 4 social and 4 educational sessions. The content of the sessions is outlined in appendix 2. The duration of the control group sessions was designed to match the duration of the intervention sessions in order to control for possible effects of dosage. Matching for duration and not number of sessions was a pragmatic choice based on resources, allowing 1 intervention session a weekday to be scheduled over the 4-week intervention period. Both the control and exercise group sessions took place in a private rehabilitation clinic.

Outcome Measures

The mean number of steps a day as measured by the StepWatch Activity Monitor^a was used as the primary outcome measure. The monitor contains a custom sensor that uses a combination of acceleration, position, and timing to determine the number and rate of steps taken. The output of the StepWatch is based on the number of steps taken on 1 leg, which is doubled to represent steps taken on both legs.²⁴, ²⁵, ²⁶, ²⁷ The StepWatch has been shown to have criterion validity²⁸, ²⁹ and is reliable²⁵, ³⁰ for step counting in persons with stroke. Sensitivity has been demonstrated during the subacute phase of stroke.²⁴

The monitor was initially calibrated and attached to the lateral side of the ankle of the nonparetic leg with a strap or cuff. The monitor has an infrared light that flashes with every step. The flashes were matched to a manual count of steps during walking 5 meters at each of 3 walking speeds (fast, slow, self-selected). The sensitivity and cadence settings were adjusted, if necessary, until the flashes corresponded exactly with the manual count during the 3 walking speeds. Participants were then instructed to wear the monitor for 3 consecutive days, removing it for sleeping and showering. Data were exported to Excel^b for initial analysis. In subsequent testing sessions, participants were instructed to wear the StepWatch for the same 3 days of the week it was worn after the first testing session. The consecutive StepWatch data were averaged over the 3 days.

The secondary outcome measures were walking speed and endurance, confidence during mobility tasks, and self-reported activity. Participants used their usual assistive devices for these 2 tests, and they were tested at subsequent sessions with the same assistive device. Self-selected gait speed was measured by a timed 10-meter walk test in which a person walks at comfortable pace over 10 meters. Gait endurance was tested by the 6MWT,³¹ although it should be acknowledged that the 6MWT is also influenced by other stroke-related impairments like balance and strength.³² Both the timed 10-meter walk and the 6MWT are used commonly³³ and have good psychometric properties.³⁴

The ABC was used to reflect confidence during 15 activities of daily living. In the stroke population, the ABC has been shown to have high test-retest reliability³⁵, ³⁶ and high internal consistency.³⁶ Moderate correlation has been shown with the Berg Balance Scale, supporting criterion-related validity.³⁵

The RMI was used to capture self-reported mobility. The RMI is a self-report of ability to perform up to 15 mobility items (6 specifically related to walking), with yes or no answers. The RMI reflects a breadth of walking conditions, such as walking over uneven surfaces and walking outside, that are not evaluated by the commonly used timed walking tests.³³ The highest score of 15 indicates an ability to climb up and down 4 steps with no rail and run 10 meters.

The PADS was used to determine the level of activity performed by an individual. The PADS is specifically designed to reflect activities potentially performed by persons with disabilities.³⁷ Satisfactory reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=.85) and validity are reported by the developers of the scale.³⁸

After the postintervention testing session, participants were asked whether they thought there had been any change in their walking over the intervention period and/or while they were wearing the StepWatch, and if so, whether they thought the change was related to quality, speed, or quantity of walking.

Outcome assessment was performed by an independent physiotherapist blind to treatment assignment. Participants were not blind because they were aware of their own group allocation, which was revealed after the second testing session. Participants were instructed not to discuss group allocation with the assessor. The testing sessions were carried out in the same rehabilitation clinic as the intervention groups but were scheduled at different times to maintain blinding of the assessor.

Two baseline testing sessions 3 weeks apart were performed to ensure that participant measures were stable. The testing sessions were repeated immediately after the group sessions (postintervention) and at 3 months (follow-up). All tests were performed once, and all testing sessions were identical.

Statistical Analysis

Baseline data

Tests for normality were done for all continuous variables. Simple descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and baseline sample characteristics. The 2 baseline measures were tested for stability by using a coefficient of variation (SD expressed as a percentage of the mean) and then averaged to yield baseline outcome measures. Baseline population characteristics were compared between intervention groups using chi-square or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests for continuous variables. Analysis of variance for unbalanced designs was used to test for group differences in baseline measures.

Postintervention measures

Intention-to-treat analysis was used for all outcomes, and a carry-forward method was used to account for missing data.³⁹ For each parametric outcome at postintervention and 3-month follow-up, analysis of covariance was used to test for intervention group differences with the baseline measure as the covariate. The Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test was used to assess whether there were intervention group differences at postintervention and 3-month follow-up for nonparametric outcomes. Calculations were performed using SAS.^c

The power calculation was based on data from Michael et al,²⁶ who reported 2837±1503 mean steps a day in 50 participants with stroke. A 40% increase in mean steps a day was chosen as the smallest relevant difference because this level of change reflects the smallest amount not attributable to normal daily variation.³⁰ A sample size of 25 participants would therefore have greater than 90% power to detect a 40% within-group change in mean steps/day, assuming a correlation coefficient of at least r=0.4, and a significance level of 0.05. A sample size of 25 participants in each group has 80% power to detect a 42% between-group change in mean steps/day, with a significance level of 0.05.

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Results

Sixty participants (median age=71.5y; range=39–89y) and median 3.9 years after stroke (range=0.5–18.7y) were enrolled in the study between June 2007 and February 2008. However, 2 participants withdrew before randomization, leaving 58 participants who are the subject of this study (fig 1). Thirty-one participants were randomized to the exercise group and 27 to the control group. The median score on the physical functioning index of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey was 17 for the control group and 19 for the exercise group (range=10–28). A maximum score of 30 on the physical functioning index indicates no limitations with all items, including walking more than a mile, climbing several flights of stairs, and running, whereas a score of 10 indicates significant limitations with all items. All participants walked independently, and 26 (45%) used an assistive device. There was no significant difference between the baseline characteristics of the 2 groups (table 1).

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Fig 1.
Flow of participants through trial. Abbreviation: ITT, intention to treat.

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Each Group

Variable	Control (n=27)	Experimental (n=31)	P
Demographics
Median age (y) (range)	71.0(44.0–86.0)	76.0(39.0–89.0)	.755^⁎
Sex, n (%)			.315^†
Male	13(48)	19(61)
Female	14(52)	12(39)
Race, n (%)			.390^‡
New Zealand/European	21(78)	26(84)
Maori	1(4)	3(10)
Pacific Islander	2(7)	0(0)
Other	3(11)	2(6)
Assistive device, n (%)			.229^‡
Walker	5(19)	2(6)
Crutch	1(4)	0(0)
Quad cane	2(7)	2(6)
Straight cane	8(30)	6(19)
None	11(41)	21(68)
Stroke characteristics
Median onset (y) (range)	5.8(0.5–18.7)	3.33(0.6–13.3)	.242^⁎
Location, n (%)			.425^‡
Right hemisphere	14(52)	20(65)
Left hemisphere	12(44)	11(35)
Brain stem/other	1(4)	0(0)
Physical Functioning Index of SF-36
Median (range)	17.0(10.0–28.0)	19.0(12.0–26.0)	.360^⁎

Abbreviation: SF-36, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.

⁎Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.

†χ² Test.

‡Fisher exact test.

Of the 55 participants who completed the interventions, adherence to both groups was high, with participants attending an average of 11.1±1.7 hours (7.4±1.2 sessions) in the control group and 10.8±1.6 hours in the exercise group, both out of a possible 12 hours. Unmasking of the independent assessor occurred in the case of 3 participants who inadvertently stated or implied their group allocation.

Baseline

Coefficients of variation calculated from the 2 baseline measures ranged from 5.14% for the RMI to 21.30% for the PADS in the control group and 3.49% for the RMI to 34.67% for the PADS in the exercise group (table 2). With the exception of the PADS for each group, the coefficients of variation were all under 15% and were under 10% for the 6MWT and gait speed.

Table 2. Means, SDs, and Coefficients of Variation for Baseline Measures by Intervention Group

Baseline Measure	Mean ± SD		P^⁎	%CV
Baseline Measure	Control (n=27)	Exercise (n=31)	P^⁎	Control	Exercise
Clinical outcome measures
Gait speed (m/s)	0.62±0.27	0.76±0.30	.069	7.93	7.77
Gait endurance (6MWT) (m)	201±99	263±110	.028	9.48	7.91
RMI, median (range)	13.5(9.0–15.0)	14.0(6.5–15.0)	.282^†	5.14	3.49
ABC	6.03±1.68	6.86±2.03	.097	12.16	8.11
PADS	63.6±77.0	75.2±57.5	.516	21.30	34.67
StepWatch output
Mean steps/d (steps)	4616±2618	6679±3792	.021	14.86	11.60
Peak activity index (steps/min)	52.0±15.9	66.6±23.3	.008	8.43	6.57
Max 1 (steps/min)	76.6±19.1	89.6±21.8	.019	6.52	4.97
Percentage of time inactive (%)	84.1±7.0	81.6±8.3	.235	2.20	2.45

Abbreviation: %CV, coefficient of variation between the 2 baseline testing sessions.

⁎Analysis of variance for unbalanced designs unless specified.

†Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.

There were differences between control and exercise group clinical tests at baseline. The exercise group had greater distance on the 6MWT (P=.028), mean steps a day (P=.021), peak activity index (P=.008), and highest step rate in 1 minute (P=.019) (see table 2). Imbalances seen were likely to be a result of chance because they were collected while randomization was concealed from the assessor and the participant. These differences were used as covariates in subsequent analysis.

Postintervention

Table 3 shows the observed outcome scores at baseline, postintervention, and 3-month follow-up and the adjusted means, with the baseline values as covariates, at postintervention and follow-up. Immediately after the intervention, the exercise group showed a significantly greater distance for the 6MWT than the control group (P=.030) (see table 3). However, this did not translate into increased activity in the participants' usual environments, with no changes in any of the StepWatch outcomes in the exercise group. Subjective improvements in walking were noted by a greater proportion of the exercise group than the control group at the postintervention testing session (P=.042), but no changes were found in the self-report measures, RMI and PADS. The gains seen in the exercise group immediately after the intervention were not maintained at 3 months, with a drop in the 6MWT toward baseline values.

Table 3. Observed and Adjusted Means for Outcome Measures by Intervention Group

Outcome Measure	Group	Baseline	Postintervention		3-Month Follow-Up
Outcome Measure	Group	Observed Mean ± SD	Observed Mean ± SD	Adjusted Mean ± SE	Observed Mean ± SD	Adjusted Mean ± SE
Gait speed (m/s)	Control (n=27)	0.62±0.27	0.63±0.25	0.69±0.02	0.63±0.25	0.66±0.02
	Exercise (n=31)	0.76±0.30	0.79±0.28	0.73±0.02	0.77±0.26	0.72±0.02
	ANCOVA			P=.090		P=.038
Gait endurance (6MWT) (m)	Control (n=27)	201±99	200±99	233±6.5	195±104	229±8.1
	Exercise (n=31)	263±110	282±117	253±6.0	277±125	247±7.6
	ANCOVA			P=.030		P=.116
RMI^⁎	Control (n=27)	13.5(9.0to15.0)	14.0(10.0to15.0)	0.0(–5.0to2.0)	14.0(7.0to15.0)	0.0(–4.0to1.5)
	Exercise (n=31)	14.0(6.5to15.0)	14.0(9.0to15.0)	0.0(–2.0to4.0)	14.0(5.0to15.0)	0.0(–2.5to1.5)
	Wilcoxon signed rank-sum test			P=.121		P=.025
ABC	Control (n=27)	6.03±1.7	6.42±1.7	6.78±0.20	6.62±1.7	6.99±0.22
	Exercise (n=31)	6.86±2.0	7.36±1.9	7.05±0.19	7.12±2.1	6.80±0.20
	ANCOVA			P=.339		P=.538
PADS	Control (n=27)	63.6±77.0	60.9±67.2	65.8±8.2	62.2±72.5	66.6±10.5
	Exercise (n=31)	75.2±57.5	77.8±55.7	74.2±7.6	82.1±72.8	78.2±9.8
	ANCOVA			P=.413		P=.427
Mean steps/d (steps)	Control (n=27)	4616±2618	4370±2994	5359±390.1	4403±2961	5360±292.9
	Exercise (n=31)	6679±3792	6666±3966	5804±362.8	6393±3429	5559±272.5
	ANCOVA			P=.418		P=.629
Peak activity index (steps/min)	Control (n=27)	52.0±15.9	49.0±17.5	55.5±2.3	51.5±20.5	58.2±2.4
	Exercise (n=31)	66.6±23.3	67.1±22.8	61.5±2.1	63.7±21.5	57.8±2.2
	ANCOVA			P=.071		P=.918
Max 1 (steps/min)	Control (n=27)	76.5±19.1	75.2±20.5	81.7±1.9	75.6±22.2	82.0±2.2
	Exercise (n=31)	89.6±21.8	90.7±21.9	85.0±1.7	87.7±21.9	82.1±2.1
	ANCOVA			P=.205		P=.965
Percentage of time inactive	Control (n=27)	84.1±7.0	84.4±8.2	83.1±0.8	84.7±7.3	83.6±0.5
	Exercise (n=31)	81.6±8.3	81.9±8.3	83.0±0.8	82.0±7.4	83.0±0.5
	ANCOVA			P=.926		P=.422

Abbreviation: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance.

NOTE. ANCOVA with baseline measure as covariate, unless specified.

⁎Observed means for RMI are displayed as median (range). Adjusted means for RMI are displayed as median change from baseline (range).

The exercise and control groups had significantly different gait speed (P=.038) and scores on the RMI (P=.025) at the 3-month follow-up. These differences represented a greater decline in the control group compared with the exercise group for both outcome measures.

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Discussion

This study has found that exercise-based rehabilitation led to early improvements in gait endurance but did not change the amount or rate of usual walking performance, as measured by the StepWatch Activity Monitor. Furthermore, gains made after the intervention were not retained 3 months later.

Previous trials of rehabilitation exercise programs in stroke have largely demonstrated improvements in clinical measures of up to 33%⁸, ⁹, ¹⁰, ¹¹ but have not looked at carryover of these gains into an individual's usual environment. This study is novel because we have recorded a measure of usual walking performance in addition to standard clinical walking outcomes. No change could be demonstrated in any of the StepWatch outputs in the participants' usual environment despite clinical improvements. These findings mirror the results of a 2004 study of 18 subjects with chronic heart failure in which improvements in clinical measures after an aerobic training program were not accompanied by a change in physical activity in the participants' usual environments.⁴⁰

Most participants in our study reported that their walking improved, they enjoyed the circuit classes, and they would have liked the opportunity to continue beyond the completion of the trial. This interest in exercise is consistent with the findings of a recent survey of persons with stroke.⁴¹ Sixty-nine percent of respondents did not exercise as much as they would have liked, and 84% reported they would be interested in an exercise program if one were available. However, despite the participants' enthusiasm and belief that their walking had improved, this study shows that there was no change in usual walking activity.

Exercise training has been shown to increase overall physical activity levels consistently in previously sedentary but healthy young adults.⁴², ⁴³, ⁴⁴ Nontraining activity (usual activity that occurs at any time other than during training) remains constant,⁴⁴ but the added training activity results in an increase in overall physical activity. Substantial gains in the physical activity index from a pretraining level of 1.6 for both men and women to 1.9 for women and 2.4 for men have been shown, where 1.5 is defined as a light, 1.8 as a moderate, and 2.1 as a high level of activity.⁴³ In contrast, the overall physical activity levels of healthy elderly subjects do not change when they participate in an exercise training program.⁴⁵, ⁴⁶, ⁴⁷ Instead, nontraining physical activity is reduced, fully compensating for the increased exercise-related activity. In the current study, the median age of participants was 71.5 years. Thus, participants in the exercise group may have acted similarly to healthy elderly subjects by decreasing their nontraining activity for the duration of the exercise program. Future studies could investigate the possible confounding effect of this change in behavior by monitoring usual activity during and after the exercise program.

It is also feasible that participants in this trial were already performing near their functional reserve.⁴⁸, ⁴⁹ This suggestion is supported by the relatively high mean steps a day of the exercise group (6679±3792) at baseline in relation to other studies in stroke (1389±798 steps/d²⁷; 2821±1527 steps/d⁵⁰). This number of steps is within normal limits for healthy older adults (6565±1530 steps/d⁵¹). If participants were already near or at their peak walking activity in usual environments, then further increases of usual walking activity are less achievable. Future studies could use mean number of steps a day as an additional criterion for study inclusion or exclusion.

The gains in the 6MWT made by the exercise group were not retained at the follow-up. In addition, the control group showed a greater decline in gait speed and the RMI than the exercise group at follow-up. The finding of loss of function over time for persons with chronic stroke is disappointing but is consistent with previous studies showing that improvements in gait speed are not sustained in the long term.¹¹, ⁵² Arguably, clinical gains that are not accompanied by a change in usual performance are not likely to be lasting.

Study Limitations

This study is limited by the relatively small subject numbers, although there was sufficient power to detect a relevant change in the StepWatch outputs. The characteristics of our participants may limit the findings to a wider generalization to other people with stroke, because this sample appeared to be higher functioning in terms of gait speed and total steps a day than reported in previous studies.

The results of this study raise a number of clinical questions about whether rehabilitation in a clinical setting is optimal for changing usual walking performance. Although the circuit stations included task-oriented balance and gait tasks and attempted to simulate environments encountered outside the clinic (eg, obstacle course, fast walking), it was nevertheless a safe clinical environment, which may not adequately represent the complexity of walking in community settings.⁵³, ⁵⁴ Furthermore, practice to encourage carryover to other environments was not specifically included in the exercise classes. Rehabilitation might be more successfully delivered in usual environments, where practice of real world activities is more meaningful, thus enhancing carryover. Future studies should consider whether rehabilitation needs to occur in community environments in order to improve usual walking performance. In addition, a gait endurance component was not included in the exercise circuit. If included, it might have promoted carryover to the number of steps taken a day.²⁷ However, there are likely to be other influences such as personal and environmental factors that may also affect the amount of usual walking.⁵⁴, ⁵⁵

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Conclusions

Circuit-based rehabilitation leads to an early improvement in gait endurance but does not change the amount or rate of usual walking performance. Clinical gains made by the exercise group were lost 3 months later. It is likely that there are factors besides physical performance that may have an influence on physical activity levels in this population group.

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Acknowledgments

We thank therapists and students in the project, especially Todd Stretton and Kirsty MacKinnon. Thanks also to Neuro Rehab Results for use of their facilities.

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Appendix 1. Content and Progressions of Circuit Exercise Program

Allow 2 minutes at each station (excluding changeover time).

Exercise Station	Progressions
1. Sit to stand	Increase speed until can complete 30, then decrease seat height.
2. Self sway	Start near wall for support, sway from ankles forward and backward, progress by increasing amplitude, then progress to standing away from wall.
3. Standing balance	Stand in parallel bars with feet close together. Try to balance as long as possible. Progress by adding crossed arms and turns of upper body. Progress further to standing on 1 leg.
4. Step-ups	Start with low step. Progress by increasing height of step.
5. Balance beam	Step over balance beam, leading with alternate feet. Progress by increasing speed. Progress further to crossovers.
6. Standing hamstring curl	Progress weight and repetitions.
7. Tandem walk	Walk with feet touching line on floor. Progress to heel-toe. Progress further by decreasing speed, looking forward, and crossing arms.
8. Swiss ball squats	Progress depth of squat until thighs are parallel with ground. Add hold, which can be progressed by increasing time. Progress further by adding weights to hands.
9. Tandem stance	Start with hands on wall for balance. Progress base of support until heel-toe. Progress to center of room. Progress to arms crossed.
10. Calf raise	Start with double calf raise. Progress speed. Progress to single calf raise. Progress to jumps.
11. Backward walk	Start near wall for balance. Progress to center of room. Progress to shuttle runs.
12. Lunges	Start holding on for support. Progress depth of lunge. Progress number on each leg. Progress to no support.
13. Side leg lifts	Progress weight and repetitions.
14. Marching in place	Progress to marching with a weight, marching with no hand support, marching on mini-trampoline.
15. Obstacle course	Progress by increasing speed, varying obstacles.

Finish with 5 minutes stretching major leg muscle groups.

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Appendix 2. General Objectives for Social and Educational Program Sessions

1.Introductory Session and Adaptive Equipment Display

•Introduce participants to the groups and provide information on the types of groups that we will be running over the next 4 weeks.

•Provide participants with relevant and useful information for everyday functioning.

•Give participants an opportunity to share ideas and methods of carrying out activities of daily living and to learn from each other.

•Provide a relaxed and open atmosphere, one in which participants will enjoy themselves.

2.Bowls Group

•Continue to build a familiar, relaxed, and friendly social atmosphere.