Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 90, Issue 9 , Pages 1619-1627 , September 2009

Lowering of Sensory, Motor, and Pain-Tolerance Thresholds With Burst Duration Using Kilohertz-Frequency Alternating Current Electric Stimulation: Part II

  • Alex R. Ward, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Alex R. Ward, PhD, School of Human Biosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
    • ,
  • Wendy Lee Hung Chuen, BSc(Hons)

References 

  1. Robertson VJ, Ward AR, Low J, Reed A. Electrotherapy explained: principles and practice. 4th ed.. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2006;
  2. Selkowitz D. Electrical currents. In:  Cameron M editors. Physical agents in rehabilitation. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999;
  3. Ward AR. Electrical stimulation using kHz frequency alternating current. Phys Ther. 2009;89:181–190
  4. Martin D. Interferential therapy. In:  Kitchen S,  Bazin S editor. Clayton's electrotherapy. 10th ed.. London: WB Saunders; 1999;p. 306–315
  5. Palmer ST, Martin DJ, Steedman WM, Ravey J. Alteration of interferential current and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation frequency: effects on nerve excitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:1065–1071
  6. Laufer Y, Ries JD, Leninger PM, Alon G. Quadriceps femoris muscle torque and fatigue generated by neuromuscular electrical stimulation with three different waveforms. Phys Ther. 2001;81:1307–1316
  7. Ozcan J, Ward AR, Robertson VJ. A comparison of true and premodulated interferential currents. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:409–415
  8. Shanahan C, Ward AR, Robertson VJ. A comparison of the analgesic efficacy of interferential therapy and TENS. Physiotherapy. 2006;92:247–253
  9. Ward AR, Robertson VJ, Ioannou H. The effect of duty cycle and frequency on muscle torque production using kHz frequency range alternating current. Med Eng Phys. 2004;26:569–579
  10. d'Arsonval A. [The action of electricity on living beings. In:  Exposition of the findings and scientific works of Dr A editors. d'Arsonval] [French]. Paris: Imprimerie de la cour d'appel; 1894;p. 37–77
  11. d'Arsonval A. [The influence of frequency on the physiological effects of alternating currents] [French]. Comptes Rendus Acad Sci Paris. 1893;116:630–633
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  14. Gildemeister M. [On the theory of electrical stimulation (V. Polarization by alternating current] [German]). Ber Sachs Ges Wiss. 1930;81:303–313
  15. Bankov S. Medium frequency modulated impulse current for electric stimulation of nondenervated muscles. Acta Med Bulg. 1980;7:12–17
  16. Bankov S. [Investigation on the electrostimulation of non-denervated muscles using sinusoidal modulated currents with different parameters] [Russian]. Kurortologiia i Fizioterapiia Sofia. 1980;1:28–33
  17. Schwarz F, Ehrig H. [On the stimulating effect of middle frequency alternating current on the motor nerves of the frog and the rat] [German]. Pflugers Arch. 1955;261:385–391
  18. Schwarz F, Volkmer H. [On the summation of local potentials during motor nerve stimulation with alternating electrical current] [German]. Acta Biol Med Ger. 1965;15:283–301
  19. Ward AR, Lucas-Toumbourou S. Lowering of electrical stimulation thresholds with burst duration using kHz frequency alternating current. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:1036–1041
  20. Mogyoros I, Kiernan MC, Burke D. Strength-duration properties of human peripheral nerve. Brain. 1996;119:439–447
  21. Kiernan MC, Lin CS, Andersen KV, Murray NM, Bostock H. Clinical evaluation of excitability measures in sensory nerve. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:883–892
  22. Ward AR, Oliver W, Buccella D. Wrist extensor torque production and discomfort associated with low frequency and burst modulated kHz frequency currents. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1360–1367
  23. Kantor G, Alon G, Ho HS. The effect of selected stimulus waveforms on pulse and phase characteristics at sensory and motor thresholds. Phys Ther. 1994;74:951–962
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 Supported by ongoing research grants from the Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University (grant no. FRG6/A12) and the School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University (grant no. 100226).

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit on the authors or on any organization with which the authors are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(09)00333-5

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.022

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 90, Issue 9 , Pages 1619-1627 , September 2009

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