Joint-Position Sense and Kinesthesia in Cerebral Palsy

Proprioception device for arm (A) and leg (B).

Box-and-whisker plots of group magnitude (in degrees) and direction of joint-position sense error. Ten targets were used for each limb and participant. The 4 plots indicate findings for (A) upper and (B) lower, nondominant and dominant limbs, for controls (black), diplegia (grey), and hemiplegia (white) on the vision and no vision condition trials. The vertical green bars within the boxes mark group medians, and the red crosses mark group means. The boxes represent the first and third quartiles of the data, and the error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals around the median. The negative abscissa represents pronation for arms and hip internal rotation for legs, and the positive represents supination and hip external rotation. The P value is shown where group differences were significant.

Bar graphs of accuracy (mean and SD) in detecting passive limb movements by group for (A) upper and (B) lower and for dominant (filled) and nondominant (cross-hatched) limbs in controls (black), diplegia (dark grey), and hemiplegia (light grey). *P<.05.