Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 89, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages S77-S84 , December 2008

Traumatic Brain Injury in Patients With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical and Economic Consequences

  • Cheryl L. Bradbury, PsyD, CPsych

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Cheryl Bradbury, PsyD, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 520 Sutherland Dr, Toronto, ON, M4G 3V9, Canada
  • ,
  • Walter P. Wodchis, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • David J. Mikulis, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Ephrem G. Pano, BSc, MSc (Cand)

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Sander L. Hitzig, MA

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Colleen F. McGillivray, MD

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Fahad N. Ahmad, BSc
  • ,
  • B. Catherine Craven, MD

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Robin E. Green, PhD, CPsych

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

References 

  1. Ricker JH, Regan T. Neuropsychological and psychological factors in acute rehabilitation of individuals with both spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 1999;5:76–82
  2. Arzaga D, Shaw V, AT V. Dual diagnoses: the person with a spinal cord injury and a concomitant brain injury. SCI Nurs. 2003;20:86–92
  3. US Department of Health and Human Services. Traumatic brain injury in the United States of America: a report to Congress. http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/tbi/tbi_congress/TBI_in_the US.PDF1999;Accessed January 25, 2008
  4. The National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Facts and figures at a glance. http://images.main.uab.edu/spinalcord/pdffiles/Facts08.pdfAccessed January 25, 2008
  5. Saboe LA, Reid DC, David LA, Warren SA, Grace MG. Spine trauma and associated injuries. J Trauma. 1991;31:43–47
  6. Wagner KA, Kopaniky DR, Esposito L. Head and spinal cord injury patients: impact of combined sequelae. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1983;64:519
  7. Kreutzer JS, Barth J, Ellwood MS, Gideon D, Stutts M, Wegner ST. Occult neuropsychological impairments in spinal cord injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69:764
  8. Michael DB, Guyott DR, Darmody WR. Coincidence of head and cervical spine injury. J Neurotrauma. 1989;6:177–189
  9. Iida H, Tachibana S, Kitahara T, Horiike S, Ohwada T, Fujii K. Association of head trauma with cervical spine injury, spinal cord injury, or both. J Trauma. 1999;46:450–452
  10. Davidoff G, Roth E, Morris J, Bleiberg J, Meyer PR. Assessment of closed head injury in trauma-related spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1986;24:97–104
  11. Davidoff G, Thomas P, Johnson M, Berent S, Dijkers M, Doljanac R. Closed head injury in acute traumatic spinal cord injury: incidence and risk factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69:869–872
  12. Rimel RW. A prospective study of patients with central nervous system trauma. J Neurosurg Nurs. 1981;13:132–141
  13. Silver JR, Morris WR, Otfinowski JS. Associated injuries in patients with spinal injury. Injury. 1980;12:291–324
  14. Tolonen A, Turka J, Salonen O, Ahoniemi E, Alaranta H. Traumatic brain injury is under-diagnosed in patients with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39:622–626
  15. Davidoff GN, Roth EJ, Richards S. Cognitive deficits in spinal cord injury: epidemiology and outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73:275–283
  16. Wilmot C, Cope N, Hall K, Acker M. Occult head injury: its incidence in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985;66:227–231
  17. Richards JS, Brown L, Hagglund K, Bua G, Reeder K. Spinal cord injury and concomitant traumatic brain injury: results of a longitudinal investigation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;67:211–216
  18. Povolny MA, Kaplan SP. Traumatic brain injury occurring with spinal cord injury: significance for rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 1993;59:22–27
  19. Lin KC, Wu CY, Wei TH, Gung C, Lee CY, Liu JS. Effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on reach-to-grasp movements and functional performance after chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehab. 2007;21:1075–1086
  20. Sommer JL, Witkiewicz PM. The therapeutic challenges of dual diagnosis: TBI/SCI. Brain Inj. 2004;18:1297–1308
  21. Macciocchi SN, Bowman B, Coker J, Apple D, Leslie D. Effect of co-morbid traumatic brain injury on functional outcome of persons with spinal cord injuries. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83:22–26
  22. Richards JS, Osuna FJ, Jaworski T, Novack TA, Leli D, Boll TJ. The effectiveness of different methods of defining traumatic brain injury in predicting post-discharge adjustment in a spinal cord population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72:275–279
  23. Granger C, Hamilton B, Sherwin F. Functional Independence Measure. Buffalo: Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation; 1986;
  24. Heinemann AW, Keen M, Donohue R, Schnoll S. Alcohol use by persons with recent spinal cord injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69:619–624
  25. Fullerton D, Harvey R, Klein M, Howell T. Psychiatric disorders in patients with spinal cord injuries. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:1369–1371
  26. Kelly AB, Zimmerman RD, Snow RB, Gandy SE, Heier LA, Deck MD. Head trauma: comparison of MR and CT-experience in 100 patients. Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9:699–708
  27. Davidoff G, Roth E, Haughton J, Ardner M. Cognitive dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients: sensitivity of the Functional Independence Measure subscales vs neuropsychologic assessment. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71:326–329
  28. Mayo Clinical Staff. Spinal cord injury. http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/spinal-cord-injury/DS00460/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print#2007;Accessed September 25, 2008
  29. Morey LC. Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). San Antonio: Psychological Corp; 1991;
  30. Demakis G. The Personality Assessment Inventory in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22:123–130
  31. Weschler D. Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR). San Antonio: Harcourt Assessment; 2001;
  32. Smith A. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 1982;
  33. Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1935;18:643–662
  34. Hooper HE. Hooper Visual Organization Test manual. Los Angeles: Western Pscychological Services; 1983;
  35. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). 3rd ed.. San Antonio: Psychological Corp; 1997;
  36. Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale-III. San Antonio: Psychology Corp; 1997;
  37. Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test. 2nd ed.. San Antonio: Psychological Corp; 2000;
  38. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed.. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 2004;
  39. Heaton R, Chelune G, Talley J. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1993;
  40. Sutherland J, Walker J. Technical report: development of the rehabilitation patient group case mix classification methodology and weighting system for adult inpatient rehabilitation. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Joint Policy and Planning Committee; 2006;
  41. Cohen J. The earth is round (p<.05). Am Psychol. 1994;49:997–1003
  42. Cohen J, Cohen P. Applied multiple regression/correlation analyses for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed.. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1983;
  43. Meyer G, Finn S, Eyde L, et al. Psychological testing and psychological assessment: a review of evidence and issues. Am Psychol. 2001;56:128–165
  44. Swaine B, Sullivan S. Longitudinal profile of early motor recovery following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10:347–366
  45. Prigatano G. Principles of neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 1999;
  46. Rosenthal M, Ricker J. Traumatic Brain Injury. In:  Frank R,  Elliott T editor. Handbook of rehabilitation psychology. Washington: American Psychological Assoc; 2000;p. 49–74
  47. Wilson BA, Baddeley A, Evans JJ, Shiel A. Errorless learning in the rehabilitation of memory impaired people. Neuropsycholol Rehabil. 1994;4:307–326

 Supported by the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation (grant no 2005-ABI-392).

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit on the authors or on any organization with which the authors are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(08)01489-5

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.07.008

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 89, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages S77-S84 , December 2008