Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 89, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages S45-S50 , December 2008

Use of Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Examine Subacute White Matter Injury Progression in Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

  • Gahl Greenberg, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • David J. Mikulis, MD

      Affiliations

    • Research Institute, Division of Brain Imaging and Behaviour Systems, University Health Network, Toronto Western Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Kevin Ng, MBBS, FRANZCR

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Danielle DeSouza, BSc

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  • ,
  • Robin E. Green, PhD, CPsych

      Affiliations

    • Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Robin Green, PhD, CPsych, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 550 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada

References 

  1. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological assessment. 4th ed.. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 2004;
  2. Franulic A, Carbonell CG, Pinto P, Sepulveda I. Psychosocial adjustment and employment outcome 2, 5 and 10 years after TBI. Brain Inj. 2004;18:119–129
  3. Levin HS, Gary HE, Eisenberg HM, et al. Neurobehavioral outcome 1 year after severe head injury: experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:699–709
  4. Duong TT, Englander J, Wright J, Cifu DX, Greenwald BD, Brown AW. Relationship between strength, balance and swallowing deficits and outcome after traumatic brain injury: a multicenter analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1291–1297
  5. Consensus conference. Rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury (NIH Consensus Development Panel on Rehabilitation of Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury). JAMA. 1999;282:974–983
  6. Dikmen SS, Machamer JE, Powell JM, Temkin NR. Outcome 3 to 5 years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:1449–1457
  7. Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Quantitative structural changes in white and gray matter 1 year following traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2002;103:607–614
  8. Himanen L, Portin R, Isoniemi H, Helenius H, Kurki T, Tenovuo O. Longitudinal cognitive changes in traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study. Neurology. 2006;66:187–192
  9. Iwamoto Y, Yamaki T, Murakami N, et al. Investigation of morphological change of lateral and midline fluid percussion injury in rats, using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery. 1997;40:163–167
  10. Millis SR, Rosenthal M, Novack TA, et al. Long-term neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2001;16:343–355
  11. Ng K, Mikulis DJ, Glazer J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of progression of sub-acute brain atrophy in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(12 Suppl 2):S35–S44
  12. Till C, Colella B, Verwegen J, Green RE. Postrecovery cognitive decline in adults with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(12 Suppl 2):S25–S34
  13. Blatter DD, Bigler ED, Gale SD, et al. MR-based brain and cerebrospinal fluid measurement after traumatic brain injury: correlation with neuropsychological outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1–10
  14. Holbrook TL, Anderson JP, Sieber WJ, Browner D, Hoyt DB. Outcome after major trauma: 12-month and 18-month follow-up results from the trauma recovery project. J Trauma. 1999;46:765–773
  15. Anderson CV, Bigler ED. Ventricular dilation, cortical atrophy, and neuropsychological outcome following traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;7:42–48
  16. MacKenzie JD, Siddiqi F, Babb JS, et al. Brain atrophy in mild or moderate traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal quantitative analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:1442–1444
  17. van der Naalt J, Hew JM, van Zomeren AH, Sluiter WJ, Minderhoud JM. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in mild to moderate head injury: early and late imaging related to outcome. Ann Neurol. 1999;46:70–78
  18. Tomaiuolo F, Carlesimo GA, Di Paola M, et al. Gross morphology and morphometric sequelae in the hippocampus, fornix, and corpus callosum of patients with severe non-missile traumatic brain injury without macroscopically detectable lesions: a T1 weighted MRI study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:1314–1322
  19. Huisman TA, Sorenson AG, Hergan K, Gozalez RG, Schaefer PW. Diffusion-weighted imaging for the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury in closed head injury. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27:5–11
  20. Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ, Sinson GP, Grossman RI. Traumatic brain injury: diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:1636–1641
  21. Naganawa S, Sato C, Ishihra S, et al. Serial evaluation of diffusion tensor brain fiber tracking in a patient with severe diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:1553–1556
  22. Newcombe VF, Williams GB, Nortje J, et al. Analysis of acute traumatic axonal injury using diffusion tensor imaging. Br J Neurosurg. 2007;21:340–348
  23. Sidaros A, Engberg AW, Sidaros K, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging during recovery from severe traumatic brain injury and relation to clinical outcome: a longitudinal study. Brain. 2008;131:559–572
  24. Skoglund TS, Nilsson D, Ljungberg M, Jonsson L, Rydenhag B. Long-term follow-up of a patient with traumatic brain injury using diffusion tensor imaging. Acta Radiologica. 2007;49:98–100
  25. Arfanakis K, Haughton VM, Carew JD, Rogers BP, Dempsey RJ, Meyerand ME. Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:794–802
  26. Assaf Y, Beit-Yannai E, Shohami E, Berman E, Cohen Y. Diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI of closed-head injury in rats: a time course study and correlation with histology. Magn Reson Imaging. 1997;15:77–85
  27. Xu J, Rasmussen IA, Lagopoulos J, Håberg A. Diffuse axonal injury in severe traumatic brain injury visualized using high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24:753–765
  28. Povlishock JT, Katz DI. Update of neuropathology and neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20:76–94
  29. Smith DH, Meaney DF, Shull WH. Diffuse axonal injury in head trauma. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2003;18:307–316
  30. Gean AD. Imaging of head trauma. New York: Raven Pr; 1994;
  31. Rugg-Gunn FJ, Symms MR, Barker GJ, Greenwood R, Duncan JS. Diffusion imaging shows abnormalities after blunt head trauma when conventional magnetic resonance imaging is normal. J Neurol Neurosurgery Psychiatry. 2001;70:530–533
  32. Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in chronic head injury survivors: correlations with learning and memory indices. Neuroimage. 2006;29:117–124
  33. Basser PJ. Inferring microstructural features and the physiological state of tissues from diffusion-weighted images. NMR Biomed. 1995;8:333–344
  34. Watts R, Liston C, Niogi S, Uluğ AM. Fiber tracking using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and its applications to human brain development. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2003;9:168–177
  35. Yuan W, Holland SK, Schmithorst VJ, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging reveals persistent white matter alteration after traumatic brain injury experienced during early childhood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:1919–1925
  36. Inglese M, Makani S, Johnson G, et al. Diffuse axonal injury in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:298–303
  37. Kraus MF, Susmaras T, Caughlin BP, Walker CJ, Sweeney JA, Little DM. White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain. 2007;130:2508–2519
  38. Nakayama N, Okumura A, Shinoda J, et al. Evidence for white matter disruption in traumatic brain injury without macroscopic lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:850–855
  39. Ptak T, Sheridan R, Rhea J, et al. Cerebral fractional anisotropy score in trauma patients: a new indicator of white matter injury after trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:1401–1407
  40. Gentry L, Godersky J, Thompson B. MR imaging of head trauma: review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150:663–672
  41. Kelly A, Zimmerman R, Snow R, Gandy S, Heier L, Deck M. Head trauma: comparison of MR and CT: experience in 100 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9:699–708
  42. Mac Donald C, Dikranian K, Bayly P, Holtzman D, Brody D. Diffusion tensor imaging reliably detects experimental traumatic axonal injury and indicates approximate time of injury. J Neurosci. 2007;27:11869–11876
  43. Miñambres E, Ballesteros MA, Mayorga M, et al. Cerebral apoptosis in severe traumatic brain injury patients: an in vitro, in vivo, and postmortem study. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25:581–591
  44. Ng I, Yeo T, Tang W, Soong R, Ng P, Smith D. Apoptosis occurs after cerebral contusions in humans. Neurosurgery. 2000;46:949–956
  45. Smith F, Raghupathi R, MacKinnon M, et al. TUNEL-positive staining of surface contusions after fatal head injury in man. Acta Neuropathol. 2000;100:537–545
  46. Zhang X, Alber S, Watkins S, et al. Proteolysis consistent with activation of caspase-7 after severe traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurotrauma. 2006;23:1583–1590
  47. Cernak I, Vink R, Zapple D, et al. The pathobiology of moderate diffuse traumatic brain injury as identified using a new experimental model of injury in rats. Neurobiol Dis. 2004;17:29–43
  48. Hollingshead A, Redlich FC. Social class and mental illness: a community study. New York: Wiley; 1958;

 Supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Physicians' Services Incorporated, and the Ontario Mental Health Foundation (grant nos. MOP-67072, 05-50, 2005-ABI-392).

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit on the authors or on any organization with which the authors are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(08)01407-X

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.08.211

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 89, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages S45-S50 , December 2008