Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 89, Issue 10 , Pages 1893-1902 , October 2008

The Injury Distress Index: Development and Validation

  • David E. Victorson, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
    • Center on Outcomes, Research and Education, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to David E. Victorson, PhD, Center on Outcomes, Research and Education (CORE), 1001 University Place, Ste 100, Evanston, IL 60201
  • ,
  • Craig K. Enders, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
  • ,
  • Kent F. Burnett, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
  • ,
  • Elizabeth A. Ouellette, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL

References 

  1. National Safety Council. Injury facts. 2007 ed.. Itasca: NSC; 2007;
  2. Finkelstein EA, Corso PS, Miller TR. Incidence and economic burden of injuries in the United States. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 2006;
  3. Harms L, Talbot M. The aftermath of road trauma: survivors' perceptions of trauma and growth. Health Soc Work. 2007;32:129–137
  4. Mason S, Turpin G, Woods D, Wardrope J, Rowlands A. Risk factors for psychological distress following injury. Br J Clin Psychol. 2006;45:217–230
  5. Norman SB, Stein MB, Dimsdale JE, Hoyt DB. Pain in the aftermath of trauma is a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med. 2008;38:533–542
  6. Thombs BD, Bresnick MG, Magyar-Russell G. Depression in survivors of burn injury: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28:494–502
  7. Thombs BD, Bresnick MG, Magyar-Russell G, Lawrence JW, McCann UD, Fauerbach JA. Symptoms of depression predict change in physical health after burn injury. Burns. 2007;33:292–298
  8. Thombs BD. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory for assessing depression in patients hospitalized with severe burn (Disentangling symptoms of depression from injury and treatment factors). Burns. 2007;33:547–553
  9. Fauerbach JA, McKibben J, Bienvenu OJ, et al. Psychological distress after major burn injury. Psychosom Med. 2007;69:473–482
  10. Sonmez A, Biskin N, Bayramicli M, Numanoglu A. Comparison of preoperative anxiety in reconstructive and cosmetic surgery patients. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54:172–175
  11. Burkle FM. Acute-phase mental health consequences of disasters: implications for triage and emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:119–128
  12. Victorson D, Farmer L, Burnett K, Ouellette A, Barocas J. Maladaptive coping processes and injury-related distress following traumatic physical injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2005;50:408–415
  13. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–571
  14. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361–370
  15. Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41:209–218
  16. Gustafsson M, Ahlstrom G. Problems experienced during the first year of an acute traumatic hand injury—a prospective study. J Clin Nurs. 2004;13:986–995
  17. Davidson JR, Book SW, Colket JT, et al. Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med. 1997;27:153–160
  18. Coronas R, Garcia-Pares G, Viladrich C, Santos JM, Menchon JM. Clinical and sociodemographic variables associated with the onset of posttraumatic stress disorder in road traffic accidents. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:E16–E23
  19. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975;1:277–299
  20. Loncar Z, Bras M, Mickovic V. The relationships between burn pain, anxiety and depression. Coll Antropol. 2006;30:319–325
  21. Taal LA, Faber AW. The burn specific pain anxiety scale: introduction of a reliable and valid measure. Burns. 1997;23:147–150
  22. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
  23. Fry E. Elementary reading instruction. New York: McGraw Hill; 1977;
  24. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) (I: history, rationale, and description). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:624–629
  25. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state” (A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician). J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–198
  26. Henson R, Roberts J. Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educ Psychol Meas. 2007;66:393–416
  27. Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994;
  28. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed.. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988;
  29. Enders CK, Bandalos DL. The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structured equation models. Struct Equation Model. 2001;8:430–457
  30. Denson TF, Marshall GN, Schell TL, Jaycox LH. Predictors of posttraumatic distress 1 year after exposure to community violence: the importance of acute symptom severity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75:683–692
  31. Porter LS, Keefe FJ, Garst J, McBride CM, Baucom D. Self-efficacy for managing pain, symptoms, and function in patients with lung cancer and their informal caregivers: associations with symptoms and distress. Pain. 2008;137:306–315
  32. Ai AL, Evans-Campbell T, Santangelo LK, Cascio T. The traumatic impact of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and the potential protection of optimism. J Interpers Violence. 2006;21:689–700
  33. Meisler A. Trauma, PTSD and substance abuse. PTSD Res Q. 1996;7:1–8
  34. Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Mitnick N, Taylor AE, Loos WR, Buckley TC. The impact of severity of physical injury and perception of life threat in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:529–534
  35. Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:748–766
  36. Fulop G, Strain JJ, Vita J, Lyons JS, Hammer JS. Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on length of hospital stay for medical/surgical patients: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:878–882
  37. Grunert BK, Devine CA, Matloub HS, et al. Psychological adjustment following work-related hand injury: 18-month follow-up. Ann Plast Surg. 1992;29:537–542
  38. Poole GV, Ward EF, Griswold JA, Muakkassa FF, Hsu HS. Complications of pelvic fractures from blunt trauma. Am Surg. 1992;58:225–231
  39. de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:619–630
  40. Mossey JM, Mutran E, Knott K, Craik R. Determinants of recovery 12 months after hip fracture: the importance of psychosocial factors. Am J Public Health. 1989;79:279–286
  41. Mossey JM, Knott K, Craik R. The effects of persistent depressive symptoms on hip fracture recovery. J Gerontol. 1990;45:M163–M168
  42. Parikh RM, Robinson RG, Lipsey JR, Starkstein SE, Fedoroff JP, Price TR. The impact of poststroke depression on recovery in activities of daily living over a 2-year follow-up. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:785–789
  43. Bryant RA, Harvey AG. Avoidant coping style and post-traumatic stress following motor vehicle accidents. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:631–635
  44. Fauerbach JA, Heinberg LJ, Lawrence JW, Bryant AG, Richter L, Spence RJ. Coping with body image changes following a disfiguring burn injury. Health Psychol. 2002;21:115–121
  45. Schnyder U, Morgeli H, Nigg C, et al. Early psychological reactions to life-threatening injuries. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:86–92
  46. Copes WS, Champion HR, Sacco WJ, et al. Progress in characterizing anatomic injury. J Trauma. 1990;30:1200–1207
  47. Briere J, Runtz M. The Trauma Symptom Checklist TSC-33: early data on a new scale. J Interpers Violence. 1989;4:151–163
  48. Dutton DG. Trauma symptoms and PTSD-like profiles in perpetrators of intimate abuse. J Trauma Stress. 1995;8:299–316
  49. Goenjian AK, Steinberg AM, Najarian LM, Fairbanks LA, Tashjian M, Pynoos RS. Prospective study of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions after earthquake and political violence. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:911–916
  50. Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain. 1987;30:191–197
  51. Rybarczyk B, Demarco G, DeLaCruz M, Lapidos S, Fortner B. A classroom mind/body wellness intervention for older adults with chronic illness: comparing immediate and 1-year benefits. Behav Med. 2001;27:15–27
  52. Truong PT, Abnousi F, Yong CM, et al. Standardized assessment of breast cancer surgical scars integrating the Vancouver Scar Scale, Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, and patients' perspectives. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:1291–1299
  53. Dudgeon D, Raubertas RF, Rosenthal SN. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire in chronic cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1993;8:191–195
  54. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:385–396
  55. Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Generalized Self Efficacy Scale. In:  Weinman J,  Wright S,  Johnston M editor. Measures in health psychology. Windsor: NFER-Nelson; 1995;p. 35–37
  56. Benight CC, Harper ML. Coping self-efficacy perceptions as a mediator between acute stress response and long-term distress following natural disasters. J Trauma Stress. 2002;15:177–186
  57. Benight CC, Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: the role of perceived self-efficacy. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42:1129–1148
  58. Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem: a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67:1063–1078
  59. Carver CS, Pozo C, Harris SD, et al. How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: a study of women with early stage breast cancer. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993;65:375–390
  60. Pokorny AD, Miller BA, Kaplan HB. The brief MAST: a shortened version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. Am J Psychiatry. 1972;129:342–345
  61. Gerlock AA. A profile of who completes and who drops out of domestic violence rehabilitation. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2001;22:379–400
  62. Gibbs LE. Validity and reliability of the Michigan alcoholism screening test: a review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1983;12:279–285
  63. Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav. 1982;7:363–371
  64. Carey KB, Cocco KM, Simons JS. Concurrent validity of clinicians' ratings of substance abuse among psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatr Serv. 1996;47:842–847
  65. Barrett K. A functionalist approach to shame and guilt. In:  Tangney J,  Fischer K editor. Self-conscious emotions: shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. New York: Guilford Pr; 1995;p. 25–63
  66. Henson RK. Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: a conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Meas Eval Couns Dev. 2001;34:177–189
  67. Kirmayer LJ, Robbins JM. Three forms of somatization in primary care: prevalence, co-occurrence, and sociodemographic characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991;179:647–655
  68. Walsh WB, Betz NE. Tests and assessment. 3rd ed.. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall; 1995;
  69. Piccinelli M, Patterson M, Braithwaite I, Boot D, Wilkinson G. Anxiety and depression disorders 5 years after severe injuries: a prospective follow-up study. J Psychosom Res. 1999;46:455–464
  70. Malloy PF, Fairbank JA, Keane TM. Validation of a multimethod assessment of posttraumatic stress disorders in Vietnam veterans. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:488–494
  71. Mollica RF, Caspi-Yavin Y, Bollini P, Truong T, Tor S, Lavelle J. The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees). J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;180:111–116
  72. Wallis H, Renneberg B, Ripper S, Germann G, Wind G, Jester A. Emotional distress and psychosocial resources in patients recovering from severe burn injury. J Burn Care Res. 2006;27:734–741

 Supported in part by the John C. Mitchell Research Endowed Fellowship in Psychological Trauma, University of Miami.

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit on the authors or on any organization with which the authors are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(08)00436-X

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.02.032

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 89, Issue 10 , Pages 1893-1902 , October 2008