Accuracy of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis

Abstract 

Powell JM, Ferraro JV, Dikmen SS, Temkin NR, Bell KR. Accuracy of mild traumatic brain injury diagnosis.

Objective

To determine how often emergency department (ED) patients meeting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) criteria were diagnosed with a mild TBI by the ED physician.

Design

Prospective identification of cases of mild TBI in the ED by study personnel using scripted interviews and medical record data was compared with retrospective review of ED medical record documentation of mild TBI.

Setting

EDs of a level I trauma center and an academic nontrauma hospital.

Participants

Prospective cohort of subjects (N=197; mean age, 32.6y; 70% men) with arrival at the ED within 48 hours of injury, Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15, and injury circumstances, alteration of consciousness, and memory dysfunction consistent with the CDC mild TBI definition.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measure

ED medical record documentation of mild TBI.

Results

Fifty-six percent of mild TBI cases identified by study personnel did not have a documented mild TBI-related diagnosis in the ED record. The greatest agreement between study personnel and ED physicians for positive mild TBI-related findings was for loss of consciousness (72% vs 65%) with the greatest discrepancy for confusion (94% vs 28%).

Conclusions

The diagnosis of mild TBI was frequently absent from ED medical records despite patients reporting findings consistent with a mild TBI diagnosis when interviewed by study personnel. Asking a few targeted questions of ED patients with likely mechanisms of injury that could result in mild TBI could begin to improve diagnosis and, in turn, begin to improve patient management and the accuracy of estimates of mild TBI incidence.

Key Words: Brain concussion, Craniocerebral trauma, Head injuries, closed, Post-concussive syndrome, Rehabilitation

List of Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CHI, closed head injury, CT, computed tomography, ED, emergency department, GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale, ICD-9-CM, International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, LOC, loss of consciousness, PTA, posttraumatic amnesia, TBI, traumatic brain injury