Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 89, Issue 3 , Pages 393-398 , March 2008

Mirror Therapy Improves Hand Function in Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  • Gunes Yavuzer, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Gunes Yavuzer, MD, PhD, Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, Baris Sitesi 87, sokak No 24, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
  • ,
  • Ruud Selles, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
    • Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Nebahat Sezer, MD

      Affiliations

    • IVth Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
  • ,
  • Serap Sütbeyaz, MD

      Affiliations

    • IVth Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
  • ,
  • Johannes B. Bussmann, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
  • ,
  • Füsun Köseoğlu, MD

      Affiliations

    • IVth Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
  • ,
  • Mesut B. Atay, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  • ,
  • Henk J. Stam, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

References 

  1. American Heart Association home page. http://www.americanheart.orgAccessed October 3, 2006
  2. Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Twisk JW, Lankhorst GJ, Koetsier JC. Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;17:191–196
  3. Platz T, Eickhof C, van Kaick S, et al. Impairment-oriented training or Bobath therapy for severe arm paresis after stroke: a single-blind, multicentre randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19:714–724
  4. Ring H, Rosenthal N. Controlled study of neuroprosthetic functional electrical stimulation in sub-acute post-stroke rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37:32–36
  5. Masiero S, Celia A, Rosati G, Armani M. Robotic-assisted rehabilitation of the upper limb after acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:142–149
  6. Summers JJ, Kagerer FA, Garry MI, Hiraga CY, Loftus A, Cauraugh JH. Bilateral and unilateral movement training on upper limb function in chronic stroke patients: a TMS study. J Neurol Sci. 2007;252:76–82
  7. Prange GB, Jannink MJ, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CG. Systematic review of the effect of robot-aided therapy on recovery of the hemiparetic arm after stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43:171–184
  8. Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D. Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1996;263:377–386
  9. Ramachandran VS, Hirstein W. The perception of phantom limbs (The D. O. Hebb lecture). Brain. 1998;121:1603–1630
  10. McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF, Halligan PW, Wall PD, Blake DR. A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42:97–101
  11. Moseley GL. Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Pain. 2004;108:192–198
  12. Rosen B, Lundborg G. Training with a mirror in rehabilitation of the hand. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2005;39:104–108
  13. Altschuler EL, Wisdom SB, Stone L, et al. Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet. 1999;353:2035–2036
  14. Sathian K, Greenspan AI, Wolf SL. Doing it with mirrors: a case study of a novel approach to neurorehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2000;14:73–76
  15. Stevens JA, Stoykov ME. Using motor imagery in the rehabilitation of hemiparesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:1090–1092
  16. Sütbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, Koseoglu BF. Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:555–559
  17. Foulkes MA, Wolf PA, Price TR, Mohr JP, Hier DB. The stroke data bank: design, methods, and baseline characteristics. Stroke. 1988;19:547–554
  18. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. ”Mini-mental state (A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician). J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–198
  19. Sawner K, Lavigne J. Brunnstrom’s movement therapy in hemiplegia: a neurophysiological approach. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1992;
  20. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67:206–207
  21. Granger CV, Gresham GE. New developments in functional assessment. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1993;4:417–499
  22. Keith RA, Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FJ. The Functional Independence Measure: a new tool for rehabilitation. Adv Clin Rehabil. 1987;1:6–18
  23. Yu DT, Chae J, Walker ME, et al. Intramuscular neuromuscular electric stimulation for poststroke shoulder pain: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:695–704
  24. Kucukdeveci AA, Yavuzer G, Elhan AH, Sonel B, Tennant BA. Adaptation of the Functional Independence Measure for use in Turkey. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15:311–319
  25. Sharma N, Pomeroy VM, Baron JC. Motor imagery: a backdoor to the motor system after stroke?. Stroke. 2006;37:1941–1952
  26. Garry MI, Loftus A, Summers JJ. Mirror, mirror on the wall: viewing a mirror reflection of unilateral hand movements facilitates ipsilateral M1 excitability. Exp Brain Res. 2005;163:118–122
  27. Fadiga L, Craighero L. Electrophysiology of action representation. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;21:157–169
  28. Giraux P, Sirigu A. Illusory movements of the paralyzed limb restore motor cortex activity. Neuroimage. 2003;20(Suppl 1):S107–S111
  29. Pomeroy VM, Clark CA, Simon J, et al. The potential for utilizing the “mirror neurone system” to enhance recovery of the severely affected upper limb early after stroke: a review and hypothesis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2005;19:4–13
  30. Johnson-Frey SH. Stimulation through simulation? (Motor imagery and functional reorganization in hemiplegic stroke patients). Brain Cogn. 2004;55:328–331
  31. Carson RG. Neural pathways mediating bilateral interactions between the upper limbs. Brain Res Rev. 2005;49:641–662

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the authors or upon any organization with which the authors are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(07)01751-0

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.162

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 89, Issue 3 , Pages 393-398 , March 2008