Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 88, Issue 12 , Pages 1614-1621 , December 2007

Development and Validation of the Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation

  • Terry Haines, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
    • Physiotherapy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Terry Haines, PhD, Physiotherapy Department, GARU, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
    • ,
  • Suzanne S. Kuys, BPhty

      Affiliations

    • Physiotherapy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
    • School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
    • ,
  • Greg Morrison, BPhty

      Affiliations

    • Physiotherapy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
    • ,
  • Jane Clarke, BPhty

      Affiliations

    • St Andrews War Memorial Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
    • ,
  • Paul Bew, BPhty

      Affiliations

    • The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
    • ,
  • Steven McPhail, BPhty

      Affiliations

    • Physiotherapy Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia

References 

  1. Lamb SE, Ferrucci L, Volapto S, Fried LP, Guralnik JM. Risk factors for falling in home-dwelling older women with stroke: the Women’s Health and Aging Study. Stroke. 2003;34:494–501
  2. Oliver D, Daly F, Martin FC, McMurdo ME. Risk factors and risk assessment tools for falls in hospital in-patients: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2004;33:122–130
  3. Perell K, Nelson A, Goldman R, Luther SL, Prieto-Lewis N, Rubenstein LZ. Fall risk assessment measures: an analytic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M761–M766
  4. Shimada H, Obuchi S, Kamide N, Shiba Y, Okamoto M, Kakurai S. Relationship with dynamic balance function during standing and walking. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;82:511–516
  5. Stevens JA, Corso PS, Finkelstein EA, Miller TR. The costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults. Inj Prev. 2006;12:290–295
  6. Moller J. Changing health resource demands for injury due to falls in an ageing population. N S W Public Health Bull. 2002;13(1-2):3–6
  7. Konrad HR, Girardi M, Helfert R. Balance and aging. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:1454–1460
  8. Woollacott MH, Tang PF. Balance control during walking in the older adult: research and its implications. Phys Ther. 1997;77:646–660
  9. Cowley A, Kerr K. A review of clinical balance tools for use with elderly populations. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med. 2003;15:167–205
  10. Tyson S, DeSouza L. Measurement of balance and walking post-stroke: Part 1. Ordinal scales. Phys Ther Rev. 2002;7:177–185
  11. Tyson S, DeSouza L. Measurement of balance and walking post-stroke: Part 2. Functional performance tests. Phys Ther Rev. 2002;7:87–91
  12. Tyson S, DeSouza L. Measurement of balance poststroke: Part 3. Instrumented measurement tools. Phys Ther Rev. 2002;7:231–241
  13. Duncan P, Weiner D, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol. 1990;45:M192–M197
  14. Hill K, Bernhardt J, McGann A, Maltese D, Berkovits D. A new test of dynamic standing balance for stroke patients: reliability, validity and comparison with healthy elderly. Physiother Can. 1996;48:257–262
  15. Cohen H, Blatchly CA, Gombash LL. A study of the clinical test of sensory interaction and balance. Phys Ther. 1993;73:346–351discussion 351-4
  16. Anacker S, Di Fabio R, Horak F. Influence of sensory inputs on standing balance in community-dwelling elders with a recent history of falling. Phys Ther. 1992;72:575–581
  17. Berg K, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams J. The Balance Scale: reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27:27–36
  18. Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther. 2002;82:128–137
  19. Duncan P, Studenski S, Chandler J, Prescott B. Functional reach: predictive validity in a sample of elderly male veterans. J Gerontol. 1992;47:M93–M98
  20. Nitz JC, Choy NL, Isles RC. Medial-lateral postural stability in community-dwelling women over 40 years of age. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17:765–767
  21. Lord SR, Ward JA. Age-associated differences in sensori-motor function and balance in community dwelling women. Age Ageing. 1994;23:452–460
  22. Lord SR, March LM, Cameron ID, et al. Differing risk factors for falls in nursing home and intermediate-care residents who can and cannot stand unaided. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1645–1650
  23. Curb JD, Ceria-Ulep CD, Rodriguez BL, et al. Performance-based measures of physical function for high-function populations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:737–742
  24. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:142–148
  25. Dite W, Temple V. A clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:1566–1571
  26. Weiner D, Bongiorni D, Studenski S, Duncan P, Kochersberger G. Does functional reach improve with rehabilitation?. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:796–800
  27. Weiner D, Duncan P, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a marker of physical frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:203–207
  28. Hill K, Miller K, Denisenko S, Clements T, Batchelor F. Manual for clinical outcome measurement in adult neurological physiotherapy. 2nd ed.. Melbourne: Aust Physiotherapy Association Neurology Special Group (Victoria); 2001;
  29. Billek-Sawhney B, Gay J. The functional reach test: are three trials necessary?. Top Geriatr Rehabil. 2005;21:144–148
  30. Di Fabio R, Anacker S. Identifying fallers in community living elders using a clinical test of sensory interaction for balance. Eur J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;6:61–66
  31. Cho BL, Scarpace D, Alexander NB. Tests of stepping as indicators of mobility, balance, and fall risk in balance-impaired older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1168–1173
  32. Folstein M, Folstein S, McHugh P. ”Mini-mental state.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–198
  33. Linacre JM, Heinemann AW, Wright BD, Granger CV, Hamilton BB. The structure and stability of the Functional Independence Measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:127–132
  34. Shah S, Vanclay F, Cooper B. Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42:703–709
  35. Eagar K, Gordon R, Hodgkinson A, Eagar K, Green J, de Graaff S. The Australian National Sub-Acute and Non-Acute Patient Classification (AN-SNAP): report of the National Sub-Acute and Non-Acute Casemix Classification Study. Wollongong: Centre for Health Service Development, Univ Wollongong; 1997;
  36. Lijmer JG, Mol BW, Heisterkamp S, et al. Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. [published erratum in: JAMA 2000;283:1963] JAMA. 1999;282:1061–1066
  37. Haines T, Hill K, Walsh W, Osborne R. Design-related bias in hospital fall risk screening tool predictive accuracy evaluations: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:664–672
  38. Cronbach L. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16:297–334
  39. Crosby RD, Kolotkin RL, Williams GR. Defining clinically meaningful change in health-related quality of life. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:395–407
  40. Kuys S, Brauer S. Validation and reliability of the Modified Elderly Mobility Scale. Australas J Ageing. 2006;25:140–144
  41. Duncan PW, Chandler J, Studenski S, Hughes M, Prescott B. How do physiological components of balance affect mobility in elderly men?. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:1343–1349
  42. Steadman J, Donaldson N, Kalra L. A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced balance training program to improve mobility and reduce falls in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:847–852
  43. StataCorp. Stata statistical software. College Station: Stata Pr; 2003;
  44. Nunally J. Psychometric theory. 2nd ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1978;
  45. Bland JM, Altman DG. Cronbach’s alpha. Br Med J. 1997;314:572
  46. Granger CV, Cotter AC, Hamilton BB, Fiedler RC. Functional assessment scales: a study of persons after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:133–138

 Supported by the University of Queensland New Staff Research Fund.

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(07)01563-8

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.012

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 88, Issue 12 , Pages 1614-1621 , December 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution