Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 88, Issue 9 , Pages 1164-1170 , September 2007

Reliability of a New Instrument for Measuring Plantarflexor Muscle Strength

Presented as a poster to the European Society of Movement Analysis for Adults and Children, September 2006, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

  • Maria Örtqvist, PT, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Women & Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Women & Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
    • KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Markus Farewik, BSc

      Affiliations

    • KTH Syd, Computer and Electrical Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden.
    • ,
  • Anna Jansson, PT, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Åsa Bartonek, PT, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Women & Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
    • ,
  • Eva Broström, PT, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Women & Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Eva Broström, PT, PhD, Motoriklab Q2, 07, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

References 

  1. Damiano DL, Martellotta TL, Quinlivan JM, Abel MF. Deficits in eccentric versus concentric torque in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:117–122
  2. Hislop H, Montgomery J. Daniel’s and Worthingham’s muscle testing: techniques of manual examination. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995;
  3. Hinder KA, Hinderer SR. Muscle strength development and assessment in children and adolescents. In:  Harms-Ringdahl K editors. Muscle strength. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1993;p. 93–141
  4. Andrews AW. Hand-held dynamometry for measuring muscle strength. J Hum Muscle Perform. 1991;1:35–50
  5. Bohannon RW, Andrews AW. Interrater reliability of hand-held dynamometry. Phys Ther. 1987;67:931–933
  6. Bruton A, Conway JH, Holgate ST. Reliability: what is it, and how is it measured?. Phys Ther. 2000;86:94–99
  7. Nyström Eek M, Kroksmark AK, Beckung E. Isometric muscle torque in children 5 to 15 years of age: normative data. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:1091–1099
  8. Stratford PW, Balsor BE. A comparison of make and break tests using a hand-held dynamometer and the Kin-Com. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;19:28–32
  9. Wadsworth CT, Nielsen DH, Corcoran DS, Phillips CE, Sannes TL. Interrater reliability of hand-held dynamometry—effects of rater gender, body-weight, and grip strength. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1992;16:74–81
  10. Wikholm JB, Bohannon RW. Hand-held dynamometer measurements: tester strength makes a difference. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1991;13:191–198
  11. Ayalon M, Ben Sira D, Hutzler Y, Gilad T. Reliability of isokinetic strength measurements of the knee in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:398–402
  12. Baltzopoulos V, Brodie DA. Isokinetic dynamometry (Applications and limitations). Sports Med. 1989;8:101–116
  13. Nordlund MM, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG. Central and peripheral contributions to fatigue in relation to level of activation during repeated maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexions. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96:218–225
  14. Pinniger GJ, Steele JR, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG. Tension regulation during lengthening and shortening actions of the human soleus muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;81:375–383
  15. Todd G, Gorman RB, Gandevia SC. Measurement and reproducibility of strength and voluntary activation of lower-limb muscles. Muscle Nerve. 2004;29:834–842
  16. Wessel J. Isometric strength measurements of knee extensors in women with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:328–331
  17. Drouin JM, Valovich-Mcleod TC, Shultz SJ, Gansneder BM, Perrin DH. Reliability and validity of the Biodex system 3 pro isokinetic dynamometer velocity, torque and position measurements. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91:22–29
  18. Gross MT, Huffman GM, Phillips CN, Wray JA. Intramachine and intermachine reliability of the Biodex and Cybex II for knee flexion and extension peak, torque and angular work. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1991;13:329–335
  19. Lund H, Sondergaard K, Zachariassen T, et al. Learning effect of isokinetic measurements in healthy subjects, and reliability and comparability of Biodex and Lido dynamometers. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2005;25:75–82
  20. Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman & Hall; 1991;
  21. Winter D. Energy generation and absorption at the ankle and knee during fast, natural and slow cadence. 1983;175:147–154
  22. Sutherland DH, Cooper L, Dale D. The role of the ankle plantarflexors. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62:354–363
  23. Trappe SW, Trappe TA, Lee GA, Costill DL. Calf muscle strength in humans. Int J Sports Med. 2001;22:186–191
  24. Wickiewicz TL, Roy RR, Powell PL, Perrine JJ, Edgerton VR. Muscle architecture and force-velocity relationships in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1984;57:435–443
  25. Broström E, Nordlund MM, Cresswell AG. Plantar- and dorsiflexor strength in prepubertal girls with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1224–1230
  26. Hedengren E, Knutson LM, Haglund-Akerlind Y, Hagelberg S. Lower extremity isometric joint torque in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2001;30:69–76
  27. Biodex System 3, Pro Manual (#835/000) applications/operations. Shirley: Biodex Medical Systems; 1998;
  28. Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations—uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull. 1979;86:420–428
  29. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between 2 methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307–310
  30. Fleiss JL. The design and analysis of clinical experiments. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1986;
  31. Seger JY, Thorstensson A. Muscle strength and myoelectric activity in prepubertal and adult males and females. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994;69:81–87
  32. Mcnair PJ, Depledge J, Brettkelly M, Stanley SN. Verbal encouragement: effects on maximum effort voluntary muscle action. Br J Sports Med. 1996;30:243–245
  33. Rankin G, Stokes M. Reliability of assessment tools in rehabilitation: an illustration of appropriate statistical analyses. Clin Rehabil. 1998;12:187–199
  34. Falkel J. Plantar flexor strength testing using Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Phys Ther. 1978;58:847–850
  35. Bland JM. An introduction to medical statistics. In: 3rd ed. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 2000;p. 210–229

 Supported by the Sunnerdahl, Norrbacka Foundations, Frimurare Foundation, and Teknikstiftelsen.

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(07)00424-8

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.05.028

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 88, Issue 9 , Pages 1164-1170 , September 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution