Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 88, Issue 4 , Pages 471-476 , April 2007

Acute Peripheral Blood Flow Response Induced by Passive Leg Cycle Exercise in People With Spinal Cord Injury

  • Laurent Ballaz, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Department, Rennes 2 University, France
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Laurent Ballaz, PhD, Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Biomécanique de l’Exercice Musculaire, UFR-APS, Université Rennes 2, Ave Charles Tillon – CS 24 414, 35 044 Rennes Cedex, France
  • ,
  • Nicolas Fusco, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Department, Rennes 2 University, France
  • ,
  • Armel Crétual, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Department, Rennes 2 University, France
  • ,
  • Bernard Langella, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center, Rennes, France
  • ,
  • Régine Brissot, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Center, Rennes, France.

References 

  1. Soden RJ, Walsh J, Middleton JW, Craven ML, Rutkowski SB, Yeo JD. Causes of death after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2000;38:604–610
  2. DeVivo MJ, Kartus PL, Stover SL, Rutt RD, Fine PR. Cause of death for patients with spinal cord injuries. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1761–1766
  3. DeVivo MJ, Black KJ, Stover SL. Causes of death during the first 12 years after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:248–254
  4. Hopman MT, Nommensen E, van Asten WN, Oeseburg B, Binkhorst RA. Properties of the venous vascular system in the lower extremities of individuals with paraplegia. Paraplegia. 1994;32:810–816
  5. Nash MS, Montalvo BM, Applegate B. Lower extremity blood flow and responses to occlusion ischemia differ in exercise-trained and sedentary tetraplegic persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:1260–1265
  6. Hopman MT, van Asten WN, Oeseburg B. Changes in blood flow in the common femoral artery related to inactivity and muscle atrophy in individuals with long-standing paraplegia. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996;388:379–383
  7. Schmidt-Trucksass A, Schmid A, Brunner C, et al. Arterial properties of the carotid and femoral artery in endurance-trained and paraplegic subjects. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89:1956–1963
  8. LaPorte RE, Brenes G, Dearwater S, et al. HDL cholesterol across a spectrum of physical activity from quadriplegia to marathon running. Lancet. 1983;1:1212–1213
  9. Garshick E, Kelley A, Cohen SA, et al. A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2005;43:408–416
  10. Olive JL, Dudley GA, McCully KK. Vascular remodeling after spinal cord injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:901–907
  11. Kinzer SM, Convertino VA. Role of leg vasculature in the cardiovascular response to arm work in wheelchair-dependent populations. Clin Physiol. 1989;9:525–533
  12. Hopman MT, Verheijen PH, Binkhorst RA. Volume changes in the legs of paraplegic subjects during arm exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:2079–2083
  13. Thijssen DH, Heesterbeek P, van Kuppevelt DJ, Duysens J, Hopman MT. Local vascular adaptations after hybrid training in spinal cord-injured subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:1112–1118
  14. Gerrits HL, de Haan A, Sargeant AJ, van Langen H, Hopman MT. Peripheral vascular changes after electrically stimulated cycle training in people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:832–839
  15. Hopman MT, Groothuis JT, Flendrie M, Gerrits KH, Houtman S. Increased vascular resistance in paralyzed legs after spinal cord injury is reversible by training. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:1966–1972
  16. Nash MS, Jacobs PL, Montalvo BM, Klose KJ, Guest RS, Needham-Shropshire BM. Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 5 (Lower extremity blood flow and hyperemic responses to occlusion are augmented by ambulation training). Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:808–814
  17. Hooker SP, Figoni SF, Rodgers MM, et al. Physiologic effects of electrical stimulation leg cycle exercise training in spinal cord injured persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73:470–476
  18. Jacobs PL, Nash MS. Modes, benefits, and risks of voluntary and electrically induced exercise in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001;24:10–18
  19. Ditor DS, Macdonald MJ, Kamath MV, et al. The effects of body-weight supported treadmill training on cardiovascular regulation in individuals with motor-complete SCI. Spinal Cord. 2005;43:664–673
  20. Maynard FM, Bracken MB, Creasey G, et al. American Spinal Injury Association International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Cord. 1997;35:266–274
  21. Kakebeeke TH, Lechner HE, Knapp PA. The effect of passive cycling movements on spasticity after spinal cord injury: preliminary results. Spinal Cord. 2005;43:483–488
  22. Rosche J, Paulus C, Maisch U, Kaspar A, Mauch E, Kornhuber HH. The effects of therapy on spasticity utilizing a motorized exercise-cycle. Spinal Cord. 1997;35:176–178
  23. Nurhayati Y, Boutcher SH. Cardiovascular response to passive cycle exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:234–238
  24. Nobrega AC, Williamson JW, Friedman DB, Araujo CG, Mitchell JH. Cardiovascular responses to active and passive cycling movements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26:709–714
  25. Figoni SF, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM, et al. Physiologic responses of paraplegics and quadriplegics to passive and active leg cycle ergometry. J Am Paraplegia Soc. 1990;13:33–39
  26. Nash MS, Bilsker MS, Kearney HM, Ramirez JN, Applegate B, Green BA. Effects of electrically-stimulated exercise and passive motion on echocardiographically-derived wall motion and cardiodynamic function in tetraplegic persons. Paraplegia. 1995;33:80–89
  27. Muraki S, Yamasaki M, Ehara Y, Kikuchi K, Seki K. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to passive leg cycle exercise in people with spinal cord injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;74:23–28
  28. Muraki S, Ehara Y, Yamasaki M. Cardiovascular responses at the onset of passive leg cycle exercise in paraplegics with spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;81:271–274
  29. Ter Woerds W, De Groot PC, Kuppevelt DH, Hopman MT. Passive leg movements and passive cycling do not alter arterial leg blood flow in subjects with spinal cord injury. Phys Ther. 2006;86:636–645
  30. Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner. 1964;192:540–542
  31. Demolis PD, Asmar RG, Levy BI, Safar ME. Non-invasive evaluation of the conduit function and the buffering function of large arteries in man. Clin Physiol. 1991;11:553–564
  32. Radegran G. Ultrasound Doppler estimates of femoral artery blood flow during dynamic knee extensor exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1997;83:1383–1388
  33. van Asten WN, Beijneveld WJ, Pieters BR, van Lier HJ, Wijn PF, Skotnicki SH. Assessment of aortoiliac obstructive disease by Doppler spectrum analysis of blood flow velocities in the common femoral artery at rest and during reactive hyperemia. Surgery. 1991;109:633–639
  34. Olive JL, Slade JM, Dudley GA, McCully KK. Blood flow and muscle fatigue in SCI individuals during electrical stimulation. J Appl Physiol. 2003;94:701–708
  35. Olive JL, McCully KK, Dudley GA. Blood flow response in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord. 2002;40:639–645
  36. Shoemaker JK, Phillips SM, Green HJ, Hughson RL. Faster femoral artery blood velocity kinetics at the onset of exercise following short-term training. Cardiovasc Res. 1996;31:278–286
  37. Johnston KW, Kassam M, Koers J, Cobbold RS, MacHattie D. Comparative study of four methods for quantifying Doppler ultrasound waveforms from the femoral artery. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1984;10:1–12
  38. Boot CR, van Langen H, Hopman MT. Arterial vascular properties in individuals with spina bifida. Spinal Cord. 2003;41:242–246
  39. Pollack AA, Taylor BE, Myers TT, Wood EH. The effect of exercise and body position on the venous pressure at the ankle in patients having venous valvular defects. J Clin Invest. 1949;28:559–563
  40. Folkow B, Gaskell P, Waaler BA. Blood flow through limb muscles during heavy rhythmic exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1970;80:61–72
  41. Sheriff DD, Rowell LB, Scher AM. Is rapid rise in vascular conductance at onset of dynamic exercise due to muscle pump?. Am J Physiol. 1993;265(4 Pt 2):H1227–H1234
  42. Tschakovsky ME, Shoemaker JK, Hughson RL. Vasodilation and muscle pump contribution to immediate exercise hyperemia. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(4 Pt 2):H1697–H1701
  43. Radegran G, Saltin B. Muscle blood flow at onset of dynamic exercise in humans. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(1 Pt 2):H314–H322
  44. Figoni SF. Exercise responses and quadriplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:433–441
  45. Hopman MT, Oeseburg B, Binkhorst RA. Cardiovascular responses in paraplegic subjects during arm exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;65:73–78
  46. Figoni SF, Glaser RM, Rodgers MM, et al. Acute hemodynamic responses of spinal cord injured individuals to functional neuromuscular stimulation-induced knee extension exercise. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1991;28:9–18
  47. De Groot PC, Poelkens F, Kooijman M, Hopman MT. Preserved flow-mediated dilation in the inactive legs of spinal cord-injured individuals. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;287:H374–H380
  48. Janssen TW, Hopman MT. Blood flow response to electrically induced twitch and tetanic lower-limb muscle contractions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:982–987

 Supported by the Brittany Regional Council through the CRITT health project.

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(07)00003-2

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.01.011

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 88, Issue 4 , Pages 471-476 , April 2007