Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages 36-42 , December 2006

Functional Imaging of Intervention Effects in Stroke Motor Rehabilitation

  • Timea Hodics, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
    • Human Cortical Physiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to Timea Hodics, MD, Dept of Neurology, Georgetown University Hospital, PHC Bldg, 7th Fl, 3800 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20007
    • ,
  • Leonardo G. Cohen, MD

      Affiliations

    • Human Cortical Physiology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
    • ,
  • Steven C. Cramer, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA

References 

  1. Rathore S, Hinn A, Cooper L, Tyroler H, Rosamond W. Characterization of incident stroke signs and symptoms: findings from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke. 2002;33:2718–2721
  2. Gresham G, Duncan P, Stason W, et al. Post-stroke rehabilitation. Clinical practice guideline no. 16. Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1995;
  3. Kondziolka D, Steinberg GK, Wechsler L, et al. Neurotransplantation for patients with subcortical motor stroke: a phase 2 randomized trial. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:38–45
  4. Hackel ME, Wolfe GA, Bang SM, Canfield JS. Changes in hand function in the aging adult as determined by the Jebsen Test of Hand Function. Phys Ther. 1992;72:373–377
  5. Pariente J, Loubinoux I, Carel C, et al. Fluoxetine modulates motor performance and cerebral activation of patients recovering from stroke. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:718–729
  6. Dam M, Tonin P, De Boni A, et al. Effects of fluoxetine and maprotiline on functional recovery in poststroke hemiplegic patients undergoing rehabilitation therapy. Stroke. 1996;27:1211–1214
  7. Walker-Batson D, Smith P, Curtis S, Unwin H, Greenlee R. Amphetamine paired with physical therapy accelerates motor recovery after stroke (Further evidence). Stroke. 1995;26:2254–2259
  8. Scheidtmann K, Fries W, Muller F, Koenig E. Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: a prospective, randomised, double-blind study. Lancet. 2001;358:787–790
  9. Grade C, Redford B, Chrostowski J, Toussaint L, Blackwell B. Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79:1047–1050
  10. Khedr EM, Ahmed MA, Fathy N, Rothwell JC. Therapeutic trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2005;65:466–468
  11. Brown JA, Lutsep HL, Weinand M, Cramer SC. Motor cortex stimulation for the enhancement of recovery from stroke: a prospective, multicenter safety study. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:464–473
  12. Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial direct current stimulation. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:446–447
  13. Fregni F, Boggio PS, Mansur CG, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Neuroreport. 2005;16:1551–1555
  14. Hummel F, Celnik P, Giraux P, et al. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 3):490–499
  15. Reinkensmeyer D, Emken J, Cramer S. Robotics, motor learning, and neurologic recovery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2004;6:497–525
  16. Volpe BT, Ferraro M, Lynch D, et al. Robotics and other devices in the treatment of patients recovering from stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2005;5:465–470
  17. Page S, Levine P, Sisto S, Johnston M. Mental practice combined with physical practice for upper-limb motor deficit in subacute stroke. Phys Ther. 2001;81:1455–1462
  18. Dromerick AW, Edwards DF, Hahn M. Does the application of constraint-induced movement therapy during acute rehabilitation reduce arm impairment after ischemic stroke?. Stroke. 2000;31:2984–2988
  19. Page SJ, Levine P, Leonard AC. Modified constraint-induced therapy in acute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2005;19:27–32
  20. Wolf S, Blanton S, Baer H, Breshears J, Butler A. Repetitive task practice: a critical review of constraint-induced movement therapy in stroke. Neurolog. 2002;8:325–338
  21. Wittenberg GF, Chen R, Ishii K, et al. Constraint-induced therapy in stroke: magnetic-stimulation motor maps and cerebral activation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2003;17:48–57
  22. Foley NC, Teasell RW, Bhogal SK, Doherty T, Speechley MR. The efficacy of stroke rehabilitation: a qualitative review. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2003;10:1–18
  23. Kato H, Izumiyama M, Koizumi H, Takahashi A, Itoyama Y. Near-infrared spectroscopic topography as a tool to monitor motor reorganization after hemiparetic stroke: a comparison with functional MRI. Stroke. 2002;33:2032–2036
  24. Baron JC, Cohen LG, Cramer SC, et al. Neuroimaging in stroke recovery: a position paper from the First International Workshop on Neuroimaging and Stroke Recovery. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;18:260–267
  25. Ward NS, Cohen LG. Mechanisms underlying recovery of motor function after stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1844–1848
  26. Eidelberg D, Moeller J, Antonini A, et al. Functional brain networks in DYT1 dystonia. Ann Neurol. 1998;44:303–312
  27. Bookheimer S, Strojwas M, Cohen M, et al. Patterns of brain activation in people at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:450–456
  28. Ro T, Noser E, Boake C, et al. Functional reorganization and recovery after constraint-induced movement therapy in subacute stroke: case reports. Neurocase. 2006;12:50–60
  29. Fontaine A, Azouvi P, Remy P, Bussel B, Samson Y. Functional anatomy of neuropsychological deficits after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 1999;53:1963–1968
  30. Cramer S, Mark A, Barquist K, et al. Motor cortex activation is preserved in patients with chronic hemiplegic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2002;52:607–616
  31. Cramer SC, Benson RR, Himes DM, et al. Use of functional MRI to guide decisions in a clinical stroke trial. Stroke. 2005;36:e50–e52
  32. Zemke A, Heagerty P, Lee C, Cramer S. Motor cortex organization after stroke is related to side of stroke and level of recovery. Stroke. 2003;34:E23–E28
  33. Kessler J, Thiel A, Karbe H, Heiss WD. Piracetam improves activated blood flow and facilitates rehabilitation of poststroke aphasic patients. Stroke. 2000;31:2112–2116
  34. Ward N, Brown M, Thompson A, Frackowiak R. Neural correlates of outcome after stroke: a cross-sectional fMRI study. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 6):1430–1448
  35. Ward N, Brown M, Thompson A, Frackowiak R. Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 11):2476–2496
  36. Calautti C, Leroy F, Guincestre J, Marie R, Baron J. Sequential activation brain mapping after subcortical stroke: changes in hemispheric balance and recovery. Neuroreport. 2001;12:3883–3886
  37. Fujii Y, Nakada T. Cortical reorganization in patients with subcortical hemiparesis: neural mechanisms of functional recovery and prognostic implication. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:64–73
  38. Murase N, Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Cohen LG. Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2004;55:400–409
  39. Cramer SC, Crafton KR. Somatotopy and movement representation sites following cortical stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2006;168:25–32
  40. Feeney DM, Baron JC. Diaschisis. Stroke. 1986;17:817–830
  41. Caplan LR. New therapies for stroke. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:1222–1224
  42. Nelles G, Jentzen W, Jueptner M, Muller S, Diener HC. Arm training induced brain plasticity in stroke studied with serial positron emission tomography. Neuroimage. 2001;13(6 Pt 1):1146–1154
  43. Kononen M, Kuikka JT, Husso-Saastamoinen M, et al. Increased perfusion in motor areas after constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke: a single-photon emission computerized tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2005;25:1668–1674
  44. Liepert J, Bauder H, Wolfgang H, Miltner W, Taub E, Weiller C. Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans. Stroke. 2000;31:1210–1216
  45. Miyai I, Yagura H, Hatakenaka M, Oda I, Konishi I, Kubota K. Longitudinal optical imaging study for locomotor recovery after stroke. Stroke. 2003;34:2866–2870
  46. Luaute J, Michel C, Rode G, et al. Functional anatomy of the therapeutic effects of prism adaptation on left neglect. Neurology. 2006;66:1859–1867
  47. Crosson B, Moore AB, Gopinath K, et al. Role of the right and left hemispheres in recovery of function during treatment of intention in aphasia. J Cogn Neurosci. 2005;17:392–406
  48. Peck KK, Moore AB, Crosson BA, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after aphasia therapy: shifts in hemodynamic time to peak during an overt language task. Stroke. 2004;35:554–559
  49. Carey JR, Anderson KM, Kimberley TJ, Lewis SM, Auerbach EJ, Ugurbil K. fMRI analysis of ankle movement tracking training in subject with stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2004;154:281–290
  50. You SH, Jang SH, Kim YH, et al. Virtual reality-induced cortical reorganization and associated locomotor recovery in chronic stroke: an experimenter-blind randomized study. Stroke. 2005;36:1166–1171
  51. Petty G, Brown R, Whisnant J, Sicks J, O’Fallon W, Wiebers D. Survival and recurrence after first cerebral infarction: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. Neurology. 1998;50:208–216
  52. Jorgensen H, Nakayama H, Raaschou H, Vive-Larsen J, Stoier M, Olsen T. Outcome and time course of recovery in stroke (Part I: Outcome. The Copenhagen Stroke Study). Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:399–405
  53. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1991;337:1521–1526
  54. Schaechter JD, Kraft E, Hilliard TS, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after constraint-induced movement therapy in stroke patients: a preliminary study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2002;16:326–338
  55. Kimberley TJ, Lewis SM, Auerbach EJ, Dorsey LL, Lojovich JM, Carey JR. Electrical stimulation driving functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with stroke. Exp Brain Res. 2004;154:450–460
  56. Liepert J, Hamzei F, Weiller C. Lesion-induced and training-induced brain reorganization. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004;22:269–277
  57. Kim YH, Park JW, Ko MH, Jang SH, Lee PK. Plastic changes of motor network after constraint-induced movement therapy. Yonsei Med J. 2004;45:241–246
  58. Lindberg P, Schmitz C, Forssberg H, Engardt M, Borg J. Effects of passive-active movement training on upper limb motor function and cortical activation in chronic patients with stroke: a pilot study. J Rehabil Med. 2004;36:117–123
  59. Luft A, McCombe-Waller S, Whitall J, et al. Repetitive bilateral arm training and motor cortex activation in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1853–1861
  60. Johansen-Berg H, Dawes H, Guy C, Smith SM, Wade DT, Matthews PM. Correlation between motor improvements and altered fMRI activity after rehabilitative therapy. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 12):2731–2742
  61. Levy CE, Nichols DS, Schmalbrock PM, Keller P, Chakeres DW. Functional MRI evidence of cortical reorganization in upper-limb stroke hemiplegia treated with constraint-induced movement therapy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80:4–12
  62. Carey JR, Kimberley TJ, Lewis SM, et al. Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):773–788
  63. Duncan PW, Goldstein LB, Matchar D, Divine GW, Feussner J. Measurement of motor recovery after stroke (Outcome assessment and sample size requirements). Stroke. 1992;23:1084–1089
  64. Newton J, Sunderland A, Butterworth SE, Peters AM, Peck KK, Gowland PA. A pilot study of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of monitored wrist movements in patients with partial recovery. Stroke. 2002;33:2881–2887
  65. Nelles G, Jentzen W, Jueptner M, Muller S, Diener H. Arm training induced brain plasticity in stroke studied with serial positron emission tomography. Neuroimage. 2001;13(6 Pt 1):1146–1154
  66. Fridman EA, Hanakawa T, Chung M, Hummel F, Leiguarda RC, Cohen LG. Reorganization of the human ipsilesional premotor cortex after stroke. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 4):747–758
  67. Johansen-Berg H, Rushworth M, Bogdanovic M, Kischka U, Wimalaratna S, Matthews P. The role of ipsilateral premotor cortex in hand movement after stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:14518–14523
  68. Johansen-Berg H, Dawes H, Guy C, Smith S, Wade D, Matthews P. Correlation between motor improvements and altered fMRI activity after rehabilitative therapy. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 12):2731–2742
  69. Colebatch J, Deiber MP, Passingham R, Friston K, Frackowiak R. Regional cerebral blood flow during voluntary arm and hand movements in human subjects. J Neurophys. 1991;65:1392–1401
  70. Brown JA, Lutsep H, Cramer SC, Weinand M. Motor cortex stimulation for enhancement of recovery after stroke: case report. Neurol Res. 2003;25:815–818
  71. Haslinger B, Erhard P, Altenmuller E, et al. Reduced recruitment of motor association areas during bimanual coordination in concert pianists. Hum Brain Mapp. 2004;22:206–215
  72. Lee L, Siebner H, Rowe J, et al. Acute remapping within the motor system induced by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci. 2003;23:5308–5318
  73. Garcia-Larrea L, Peyron R, et al. Electrical stimulation of motor cortex for pain control: a combined PET-scan and electrophysiological study. Pain. 1999;83:259–273
  74. Harris-Love ML, Cohen LG. Noninvasive cortical stimulation in neurorehabilitation: a review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(12 Suppl 2):S84–S93
  75. Nakayama H, Jorgensen H, Raaschou H, Olsen T. Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:394–398
  76. Pineiro R, Pendlebury S, Johansen-Berg H, Matthews PM. Functional MRI detects posterior shifts in primary sensorimotor cortex activation after stroke: evidence of local adaptive reorganization?. Stroke. 2001;32:1134–1139
  77. Crafton K, Mark A, Cramer S. Improved understanding of cortical injury by incorporating measures of functional anatomy. Brain. 2003;126(Pt 7):1650–1659
  78. Kunimatsu A, Aoki S, Masutani Y, Abe O, Mori H, Ohtomo K. Three-dimensional white matter tractography by diffusion tensor imaging in ischaemic stroke involving the corticospinal tract. Neuroradiology. 2003;45:532–535
  79. Wenzelburger R, Kopper F, Frenzel A, et al. Hand coordination following capsular stroke. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 1):64–74
  80. Escudero J, Sancho J, Bautista D, Escudero M, Lopez-Trigo J. Prognostic value of motor evoked potential obtained by transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in motor function recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:1854–1859
  81. Oliveri M, Rossini PM, Traversa R, et al. Left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces contralesional extinction in patients with unilateral right brain damage. Brain. 1999;122(Pt 9):1731–1739
  82. Bilecen D, Radu E, Schulte A, Hennig J, Scheffler K, Seifritz E. fMRI of the auditory cortex in patients with unilateral carotid artery steno-occlusive disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;15:621–627
  83. Marshall RS, Perera GM, Lazar RM, Krakauer JW, Constantine RC, DeLaPaz RL. Evolution of cortical activation during recovery from corticospinal tract infarction. Stroke. 2000;31:656–661
  84. Hamzei F, Knab R, Weiller C, Rother J. The influence of extra- and intracranial artery disease on the BOLD signal in fMRI. Neuroimage. 2003;20:1393–1399
  85. Rossini PM, Altamura C, Ferretti A, et al. Does cerebrovascular disease affect the coupling between neuronal activity and local haemodynamics?. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 1):99–110
  86. Cramer SC, Shah R, Juranek J, Crafton KR, Le V. Activity in the peri-infarct rim in relation to recovery from stroke. Stroke. 2006;37:111–115

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(06)01337-2

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.09.005

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages 36-42 , December 2006

Article Tools