Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 12 , Pages 1551-1558 , December 2006

The Combined Effect of Lower-Limb Multilevel Botulinum Toxin Type A and Comprehensive Rehabilitation on Mobility in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

  • Vanessa A. Scholtes, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Vanessa A. Scholtes, MSc, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    • ,
  • Annet J. Dallmeijer, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Dirk L. Knol, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Lucianne A. Speth, MD

      Affiliations

    • Rehabilitation Foundation Linburg, Franciscusoord, Valkenburg, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Carel G. Maathuis, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Center for Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Peter H. Jongerius, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
    • ,
  • Jules G. Becher, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

References 

  1. Wren TA, Rethlefsen S, Kay RM. Prevalence of specific gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy: influence of cerebral palsy subtype, age, and previous surgery. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25:79–83
  2. In:  Gage JR editors. The treatment of gait problems in cerebral palsy. London: Mac Keith Pr; 2004;
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  5. Koman LA, Mooney JF, Smith B, Goodman A, Mulvaney T. Management of cerebral palsy with botulinum-A toxin: preliminary investigation. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:489–495
  6. Molenaers G, Desloovere K, Eyssen M, Decat J, Jonkers I, De Cock P. Botulinum toxin type A treatment of cerebral palsy: an integrated approach. Eur J Neurol. 1999;6(Suppl 4):51–57
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  10. Baker R, Jasinski M, Maciag-Tymecka I, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment of spasticity in diplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:666–675
  11. Kay RM, Rethlefsen SA, Fern-Buneo A, Wren TA, Skaggs DL. Botulinum toxin as an adjunct to serial casting treatment in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:2377–2384
  12. Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Jonkers I, et al. A randomized study of combined botulinum toxin type A and casting in the ambulant child with cerebral palsy using objective outcome measures. Eur J Neurol. 2001;8(Suppl 5):75–87
  13. Reddihough DS, King JA, Coleman GJ, et al. Functional outcome of botulinum toxin A injections to the lower limbs in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:820–827
  14. Wissel J, Heinen F, Schenkel A, et al. Botulinum toxin A in the management of spastic gait disorders in children and young adults with cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind study of “high-dose” versus “low-dose” treatment. Neuropediatrics. 1999;30:120–124
  15. Molenaers G, Eyssen M, Desloovere K, Jonkers I, De Cock P. A multilevel approach to botulinum toxin type A treatment of the (ilio)psoas in spasticity in cerebral palsy. Eur J Neurol. 1999;6(Suppl 4):59–62
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  18. Kleissen RF, Harlaar J, Bloo JK, et al. Experimental use of multimedia movement analysis and telecommunication to support rehabilitation treatment planning. [abstract] European Society of Movement Analysis for Adults and Children Annual Meeting. 1998;Sept 24-26; Belfast (N Ireland).
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  24. Peugh JL, Enders CK. Using the SPSS mixed procedure to fit cross-sectional and longitudinal multilevel models. Educ Psychol Meas. 2005;65:811–835
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  26. Waters RL, Mulroy S. The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Gait Posture. 1999;9:207–231
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 Supported by the Johanna Kinderfonds (grant no. 2000/0145); Prinses Beatrix Fonds (grant no. PGO01-134), and Stichting Bio-Kinderrevalidatie, The Netherlands. Study medication was self-supported by the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center.

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(06)01325-6

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.342

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 12 , Pages 1551-1558 , December 2006

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