Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 12 , Pages 1576-1582 , December 2006

Occupational Categories and Return to Work After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicenter Study

  • William C. Walker, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to William C. Walker, MD, Dept of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980661, Richmond, VA 23298-0661.
  • ,
  • Jennifer H. Marwitz, MA

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
  • ,
  • Jeffrey S. Kreutzer, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
  • ,
  • Tessa Hart, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
  • ,
  • Thomas A. Novack, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL.

References 

  1. Prigatano GP, Fordyce DJ, Zeiner HK, Roueche JR, Pepping M, Wood BC. Neuropsychological rehabilitation after closed head injury in young adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:505–513
  2. Evans RL, Bishop DS, Ousley RT. Providing care to persons with physical disability: effect on family caregivers. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;71:140–144
  3. Condeluci A. Brain injury rehabilitation: the need to bridge paradigms. Brain Inj. 1992;6:543–551
  4. Ponsford JL, Olver JH, Curran C, Ng K. Prediction of employment status 2 years after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1995;9:11–20
  5. Gollaher K, High WM, Sherer M, et al. Prediction of employment outcome one to three years following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1998;12:255–263
  6. Wagner AK, Hammond FM, Sasser HC, Wiercisiewski D. Return to productive activity after traumatic brain injury: relationship with measures of disability, handicap, and community integration. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:107–114
  7. Sherer M, Sander AM, Nick TG, High WM, Malec JF, Rosenthal M. Early cognitive status and productivity outcome after traumatic brain injury: findings from the TBI Model Systems. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:183–192
  8. Greenspan AI, Wrigley JM, Kresnow M, Branche-Dorsey CM, Fine PR. Factors influencing failure to return to work due to traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1996;10:207–218
  9. Cifu DX, Keyser-Marcus L, Lopez E, et al. Acute predictors of successful return to work one year after traumatic brain injury: a multicenter analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:125–131
  10. Keyser-Marcus L, Bricout J, Wehman P, et al. Acute predictors of return to employment following traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:635–641
  11. Crepeau F, Scherzer P. Predictors and indicators of work status after traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1993;3:5–35
  12. Ownsworth T, McKenna K. Investigation of factors related to employment outcome following traumatic brain injury: a critical review and conceptual model. Disabil Rehabil. 2004;26:765–784
  13. Bell KR, Sandel ME. Brain injury rehabilitation (4. Postacute rehabilitation and community integration). Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(Suppl 1):S21–S25
  14. Crisp R. Return to work after traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil. 1992;58(4):27–33
  15. Berkman LF, Macintyre S. The measurement of social class in health studies: old measures and new formulations. IARC Sci Publ. 1997;138:51–64
  16. MacKenzie EJ, Shapiro S, Smith RT, Siegel JH, Moody M, Pitt A. Factors influencing return to work following hospitalization for traumatic injury. Am J Public Health. 1987;77:329–334
  17. Fraser R, Dikmen S, Mclean A, Miller B. Employability of head injury survivors: first year post-injury. Rehabil Couns Bull. 1988;31:276–288
  18. Vogenthaler DR, Smith KR, Goldfader P. Head injury, a multivariate study: predicting long-term productivity and independent living outcome. Brain Inj. 1989;3:369–385
  19. Brooks N, McKinlay W, Symington C, Beattie A, Campsie L. Return to work within the first seven years of severe head injury. Brain Inj. 1987;1:5–19
  20. Ip RY, Dornan J, Schentag C. Traumatic brain injury: factors predicting return to work or school. Brain Inj. 1995;9:517–532
  21. Fleming J, Tooth L, Hassell M, Chan W. Prediction of community integration and vocational outcome 2-5 years after traumatic brain injury rehabilitation in Australia. Brain Inj. 1999;13:417–431
  22. Dahmer ER, Shilling MA, Hamilton B, et al. A model systems database for traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8(2):12–25
  23. Harrison-Felix C, Newton N, Hall K, Kreutzer J. Descriptive findings from the traumatic brain injury model systems national database. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996;11(5):1–14
  24. 1990 occupational classification system. Alphabetical index of industries and occupations (1990 census of population and housing). Washington (DC): Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce; 1992;
  25. United Nations Statistics Division. International Standard Classification of Occupations. New York: United Nations; 1988;
  26. Regidor E, Ronda E, Martinez D, Calle ME, Navarro P, Dominguez V. Occupational social class and mortality in a population of men economically active: the contribution of education and employment situation. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20:501–508
  27. Forer S. Functional assessment instruments in medical rehabilitation. J Organization Rehabil Evaluators. 1982;2:29–41
  28. Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Keith RA, Zielesny M, Sherwin FS. Advances in functional assessment for medical rehabilitation. Top Geriatr Rehabil. 1986;1:59–74
  29. Guide for the Uniform Data Set for Medical Rehabilitation, version 5.0. Buffalo: State Univ New York; 1996;
  30. Hall KM, Johnston MV. Outcomes evaluation in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation (Part II: measurement tools for a nationwide data system). Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(Suppl):SC10–SC18
  31. Rappaport M, Herrero-Backe C, Rappaport ML, Winterfield KM. Head injury outcome up to ten years later. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989;70:885–892
  32. Dikmen S, Machamer J, Temkin N, McLean A. Neuropsychological recovery in patients with moderate to severe head injury: 2 year follow-up. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1990;12:507–519
  33. Conzen M, Ebel H, Swart E, Skreczek W, Dette M, Oppel F. Long-term neuropsychological outcome after severe head injury with good recovery. Brain Inj. 1992;6:45–52
  34. Macciocchi SN, Reid DB, Barth JT. Disability following head injury. Curr Opin Neurol. 1993;6:773–777
  35. McLean A, Dikmen SS, Temkin NR. Psychosocial recovery after head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:1041–1046
  36. Dikmen SS, Ross BL, Machamer JE, Temkin NR. One year psychosocial outcome in head injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995;1:67–77
  37. Ponsford JL, Olver JH, Curran C. A profile of outcome: 2 years after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1995;9:1–10
  38. Masson F, Maurette P, Salmi LR, et al. Prevalence of impairments 5 years after a head injury, and their relationship with disabilities and outcome. Brain Inj. 1996;10:487–497
  39. Dombovy ML, Olek AC. Recovery and rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1997;11:305–318
  40. Hanks RA, Temkin NR, Machamer JE, Dikmen SS. Emotional and behavioral adjustment after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:991–997
  41. Guerts AC, Ribbers GM, Knoop JA, van Limbeek J. Identification of static and dynamic postural instability following traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:639–644
  42. Guskiewicz KM. Assessment of postural stability following sport-related concussion. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003;2:24–30
  43. Williams G, Robertson V, Greenwood K. Measuring high level mobility after traumatic brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83:910–920
  44. Satz P. Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: a formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory. Neuropsychology. 1993;7:273–295
  45. Ruff RM, Marshall LF, Crouch J, et al. Predictors of outcome following severe head trauma: follow-up data from the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Brain Inj. 1993;7:101–111
  46. Dikmen SS, Temkin NR, Machamer JE, Holubkov AL, Fraser RT, Winn R. Employment following traumatic head injuries. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:177–186
  47. Boake C, Millis SR, High WM, et al. Using early neuropsychological testing to predict long-term productivity outcome from traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:761–768
  48. Kreutzer J, Marwitz J, Walker W, et al. Moderating factors in return to work and job stability after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2003;18:128–138
  49. Yasuda S, Wehman P, Targett P, Cifu DX, West M. Return to work for persons with traumatic brain injury: a review of literature. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;80:852–864

 Supported by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, U.S. Department of Education (grant nos. H133A020516, H133A020509, and H133A020505).No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(06)01317-7

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.335

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 12 , Pages 1576-1582 , December 2006