Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages 59-66 , December 2006

Assessing and Inducing Neuroplasticity With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Robotics for Motor Function

  • Marcia K. O’Malley, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Marcia K. O’Malley, PhD, Rice University, 6100 Main St, MS 321, Houston, TX 77005-1892
    • ,
  • Tony Ro, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, TX
    • ,
  • Harvey S. Levin, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

References 

  1. Feeney D, Gonzalez A, Law W. Amphetamine, haloperidol and experience interact to affect rate of recovery after motor cortex injury. Science. 1982;217:855–857
  2. Nudo R, Wise B, SiFuentes F, Milliken G. Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science. 1996;272:1791–1794
  3. Musso M, Weiller C, Keibel S, Muller S, Bulau P, Rijntjes M. Training-induced brain plasticity in aphasia. Brain. 1999;122:1781–1790
  4. Liepert J, Bauder H, Wolfgang HR, Miltner WH, Taub E, Weiller C. Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans. Stroke. 2000;31:1210–1216
  5. Karni A, Meyer G, Jezzard P, Adams M, Turner R, Ungerlelder L. Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning. Nature. 1995;377:155–158
  6. Jahanshahi M, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of cognition: an emerging field. Exp Brain Res. 2000;131:1–9
  7. Pascual-Leone A, Walsh V, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience—virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2000;10:232–237
  8. Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain. Nature. 2000;406:147–150
  9. Walsh V, Cowey A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000;1:73–79
  10. d’Arsonval A. Dispositifs pour la mesure des courants alternatifs de toutes fréquences. C R Soc Biol. 1896;2:450–451
  11. Magnuson CE, Stevens HC. Visual sensations caused by the changes in the strength of a magnetic field. Am J Physiol. 1911;29:124–136
  12. Magnuson CE, Stevens HC. Visual sensations created by a magnetic field. Philosoph Mag. 1914;28:188–207
  13. Thompson SP. A physiological effect of an alternating magnetic field. Proc R Soc London. 1910;B82:396–399
  14. Merton PA, Morton HB. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature. 1980;285:227
  15. Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Noninvasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;11:1106–1107
  16. Ro T, Rafal R. Visual restoration in cortical blindness: insights from natural and TMS-induced blindsight. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2006;16:377–396
  17. Ro T, Cheifet S, Ingle H, Shoup R, Rafal R. Localization of the human frontal eye fields and motor hand area with transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37:225–231
  18. Chen R, Classen J, Gerloff C, et al. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 1997;48:1398–1403
  19. Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Sole J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain. 1994;117(Pt 4):847–858
  20. Bear MF, Malenka RC. Synaptic plasticity (LTP and LTD). Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1994;4:289–299
  21. Boroojerdi B, Foltys H, Krings T, Spetzger U, Thron A, Topper R. Localization of the motor hand area using transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;110:699–704
  22. Pascual-Leone A, Grafman J, Hallett M. Modulation of cortical motor output maps during development of implicit and explicit knowledge. Science. 1994;263:1287–1289
  23. Rossini P, Caltagirone C, Castriota-Scanderbeg A, et al. Hand motor cortical area reorganization in stroke: a study with fMRI, MEG and TCS maps. Neuroreport. 1998;9:2141–2146
  24. Rossini PM, Barker AT, Berardelli A, et al. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application (Report of an IFCN committee). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994;91:79–92
  25. Mills KR, Nithi KA. Corticomotor threshold to magnetic stimulation: normal values and repeatability. Muscle Nerve. 1997;20:570–576
  26. Ferbert A, Caramia D, Priori A, Bertolasi L, Rothwell JC. Cortical projection to erector spinae muscles in man as assessed by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1992;85:382–387
  27. Classen J, Liepert J, Wise SP, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Rapid plasticity of human cortical movement representation induced by practice. J Neurophysiol. 1998;79:1117–1123
  28. Park SW, Butler AJ, Cavalheiro V, Alberts JL, Wolf SL. Changes in serial optical topography and TMS during task performance after constraint-induced movement therapy in stroke: a case study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18:95–105
  29. Wittenberg GF, Chen R, Ishii K, et al. Constraint-induced therapy in stroke: magnetic-stimulation motor maps and cerebral activation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2003;17:48–57
  30. Ro T, Noser E, Boake C, et al. Functional reorganization and recovery after constraint-induced movement therapy in subacute stroke: case reports. Neurocase. 2006;12:50–60
  31. Oliveri M, Rossini PM, Cicinelli P, et al. Neurophysiological evaluation of tactile space perception deficits through transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 2000;5:25–29
  32. Brighina F, Bisiach E, Oliveri M, et al. 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere ameliorates contralesional visuospatial neglect in humans. Neurosci Lett. 2003;2003:131–133
  33. Oliveri M, Bisiach E, Brighina F, et al. rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere transiently reduces contralesional visuospatial hemineglect. Neurology. 2001;57:1338–1340
  34. Kinsbourne M. Hemi-neglect and hemisphere rivalry. Adv Neurol. 1977;8:41–49
  35. Kinsbourne M. Orientational bias model of unilateral neglect: evidence from attentional gradients within hemispace. In:  Robertson IH,  Marshall JC editor. Unilateral neglect: clinical and experimental studies. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1993;p. 63–86
  36. Seyal M, Ro T, Rafal RD. Increased sensitivity to ipsilateral cutaneous stimuli following transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal lobe. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:264–267
  37. Mansur CG, Fregni F, Boggio PS, et al. A sham stimulation-controlled trial of rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Neurology. 2005;64:1802–1804
  38. Khedr E, Ahmed M, Fathy N, Rothwell J. Therapeutic trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2005;65:466–468
  39. Fasoli SE, Krebs HI, Hogan N. Robotic technology and stroke rehabilitation: translating research into practice. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2004;11:11–19
  40. Krebs HI, Volpe BT, Aisen ML, Hogan N. Increasing productivity and quality of care: robot-aided neuro-rehabilitation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2000;37:639–652
  41. Lum PS, Taub E, Schwandt D, Postman M, Hardin P, Uswatte G. Automated Constraint-Induced Therapy Extension (autoCITE) for movement deficits after stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41:249–258
  42. Ward NS. Functional reorganization of the cerebral motor system after stroke. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004;17:725–730
  43. Taub E, Miller N, Novack T, et al. Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:347–354
  44. Whitall J, McCombe Waller S, Silver KH, Macko RF. Repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing improves motor function in chronic hemiparetic patients. Stroke. 2000;31:2390–2398
  45. Mudie M, Matayas T. Upper extremity retraining following stroke: effects of bilateral practice. J Neurol Rehabil. 1996;10:167–184
  46. Hogan N, Krebs HI. Interactive robots for neuro-rehabilitation. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004;22:349–358
  47. Reinkensmeyer DJ, Emken JL, Cramer SC. Robotics, motor learning, and neurologic recovery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2004;6:497–525
  48. Riener R, Nef T, Colombo G. Robot-aided neurorehabilitation of the upper extremities. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2005;43:2–19
  49. Stein J. Motor recovery strategies after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2004;11:12–22
  50. Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ, Wagenaar RC. Long term effects of intensity of upper and lower limb training after stroke: a randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:473–479
  51. Ottenbacher KJ, Smith PM, Illig SB, Linn RT, Ostir GV, Granger CV. Trends in length of stay, living setting, functional outcome, and mortality following medical rehabilitation. JAMA. 2004;292:1687–1695
  52. Gupta A, O’Malley MK. Design of a haptic arm exoskeleton for training and rehabilitation. ASME/IEEE Trans Mechatronics. 2006;11:280–289
  53. Volpe BT, Krebs HI, Hogan N, Edelsteinn L, Diels CM, Aisen ML. Robot training enhanced motor outcome in patients with stroke maintained over 3 years. Neurology. 1999;53:1874–1876
  54. Lum PS, Burgar CG, Shor PC, Majmundar M, Van der Loos M. Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:952–959
  55. Kahn LE, Zygman M, Rymer WZ, Reinkensmeyer D. Effect of robot-assisted and unassisted exercise on functional reaching in chronic hemiparesis. In: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2001. Vol 2:New York: IEEE; 2001;p. 1344–1347Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE
  56. Fasoli SE, Krebs HI, Stein J, Frontera WR, Hogan N. Effects of robotic therapy on motor impairment and recovery in chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:477–482
  57. Hesse S, Schulte-Tigges G, Konrad M, Bardeleben A, Werner C. Robot-assisted arm trainer for the passive and active practice of bilateral forearm and wrist movements in hemiparetic subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:915–920
  58. Reinkensmeyer DJ, Takahashi CD, Timoszyk WK, Reinkensmeyer AN, Kahn LE. Design of robot assistance for arm movement therapy following stroke. Adv Robotics. 2000;14:625–637
  59. Patton JL, Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Rymer WZ. Altering movement patterns in healthy and brain-injured subjects via custom designed robotic forces. In: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2001. Vol 2:New York: IEEE; 2001;p. 1356–1359Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE
  60. Lum P, Lehman S, Reinkensmeyer D. The bimanual lifting rehabilitator: a device for rehabilitating bimanual control in stroke patients. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1995;3:166–174
  61. Lum P, Reinkensmeyer D, Lehman S. Robotic assist devices for bimanual physical therapy: preliminary experiments. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1993;1:185–191
  62. Krebs HI, Hogan N, Aisen ML, Volpe BT. Robot-aided neurorehabilitation. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1998;6:75–87
  63. Burgar CG, Lum PS, Shor PC, Van der Loos HF. Development of robots for rehabilitation therapy: The Palo Alto VA/Stanford experience. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2000;37:663–673
  64. Reinkensmeyer DJ, Schmit BD, Rymer WZ. Assessment of active and passive restraint during guided reaching after chronic brain injury. Ann Biomed Eng. 1999;27:805–814
  65. Charles SK, Krebs HI, Volpe BT, Lynch D, Hogan N. Wrist rehabilitation following stroke: Initial clinical results. In: ICORR 2005: 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics. New York: IEEE; 2005;p. 13–16
  66. O’Malley MK, Sledd AM, Gupta A, Patoglu V, Huegel J, Burgar C. The RW: a distal upper extremity rehabilitation robot for stroke therapy. ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition; 2006 Nov 7-11; Chicago (IL).
  67. Brewer BR, Fagan M, Klatzky R, Matsuoka Y. Perceptual limits for a robotic rehabilitation environment using visual feedback distortion. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2005;13:1–11
  68. Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Patton JL. Robots can teach people how to move their arm. In: ICRA 2000: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Vol 1:New York: IEEE; 2000;p. 300–305
  69. O’Malley MK, Gupta A, Gen M, Li Y. Shared control in haptic systems for performance enhancement and training. ASME J Dynamic Syst Meas Control. 2006;128:75–85
  70. Popescu VG, Burdea GC, Bouzit M, Hentz VR. A virtual-reality-based telerehabilitation system with force feedback. IEEE Trans Inform Technol Biomed. 2000;4:45–51
  71. Reinkensmeyer DJ, Pang CT, Nessler JA, Painter CC. Java therapy: Web-based robotic rehabilitation. In: Integration of Assistive Technology in the Information Age: Proceedings 7th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics. Amsterdam: IOS Pr; 2001;p. 66–71

 Supported in part by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (grant nos. 21772, 21889, NS42772).

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(06)01279-2

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.332

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages 59-66 , December 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution