Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 9 , Pages 1235-1241 , September 2006

The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool: A Report of Validity and Reliability Testing

Presented in part to the Second International Ankle Symposium, October 15–16, 2004, Newark, DE (abstract appears in Br J Sports Med 2005;39:390) and the First World Conference of Sports Injury Prevention, June 23–25, 2005, Oslo, Norway (abstract appears in J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005;35:A20).

  • Claire E. Hiller, MAppSc

      Affiliations

    • School of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
    • ,
  • Kathryn M. Refshauge, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Kathryn M. Refshauge, PhD, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, PO Box 170, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW 1825, Australia
    • ,
  • Anita C. Bundy, ScD

      Affiliations

    • School of Occupational and Leisure Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia.
    • ,
  • Rob D. Herbert, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
    • ,
  • Sharon L. Kilbreath, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Physiotherapy, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia

References 

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  2. Braun BL . Effects of ankle sprain in a general clinical population 6 to 18 months after medical evaluation . Arch Fam Med . 1999;8:143–148
  3. Gerber JP , Williams GN , Scoville CR , Arciero RA , Taylor DC . Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains (a prospective examination of an athletic population) . Foot Ankle Int . 1998;19:653–660
  4. Hertel J . Functional anatomy, pathomechanics, and pathophysiology of lateral ankle instability . J Athl Train . 2002;37:364–375
  5. Lentell G , Katzman LL , Walters MR . The relationship between muscle function and ankle stability . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1990;11:605–611
  6. Freeman MA . Instability of the foot after injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 1965;47:669–677
  7. Tropp H . Commentary (functional ankle instability revisited) . J Athl Train . 2002;37:512–515
  8. Hubbard TJ , Kaminski TW . Kinesthesia is not affected by functional ankle instability status . J Athl Train . 2002;37:481–486
  9. Rozzi SL , Lephart SM , Sterner R , Kuligowski L . Balance training for persons with functionally unstable ankles . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1999;29:478–486
  10. de Bie RA , de Vet HC , van den Wildenberg FA , Lenssen T , Knipschild PG . The prognosis of ankle sprains . Int J Sports Med . 1997;18:285–289
  11. Lentell G , Baas B , Lopez D , McGuire L , Sarrels M , Snyder P . The contributions of proprioceptive deficits, muscle function and anatomic laxity to functional instability of the ankle . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1995;21:206–215
  12. Lofvenberg R , Karrholm J , Sundelin G , Ahlgren O . Prolonged reaction time in patients with chronic lateral instability of the ankle . Am J Sports Med . 1995;23:414–417
  13. Konradsen L , Ravn JB . Ankle instability caused by prolonged peroneal reaction time . Acta Orthop Scand . 1990;61:388–390
  14. Binkley JM , Stratford PW , Lott SA , Riddle DL  North American Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Research Network . The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) (scale development, measurement properties, and clinical application) . Phys Ther . 1999;79:371–383
  15. Flandry F , Hunt JP , Terry GC , Hughston JC . Analysis of subjective knee complaints using visual analogue scales . Am J Sports Med . 1991;19:112–118
  16. Noble B , Robertson R . Perceived exertion . Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1996;
  17. Bond TG , Fox CM . Applying the Rasch model (fundamental measurement in the human sciences) . Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001;
  18. Straus SE , Richardson WS , Glasziou P , Haynes RB . Evidence-based medicine . 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingston; 2005;
  19. Streiner D , Norman G . Health measurement scales. A practical guide to their development and use . Oxford: Oxford Univ Pr; 1995;

 Supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(06)00519-3

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.05.022

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 9 , Pages 1235-1241 , September 2006

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