Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 9 , Pages 1218-1222 , September 2006

Muscle Force and Gait Performance: Relationships After Spinal Cord Injury

  • Markus Wirz, PT

      Affiliations

    • Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
    • European Multicenter Study of Human Spinal Cord Injury
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Markus Wirz, PT, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
    • ,
  • Hubertus J. van Hedel, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
    • European Multicenter Study of Human Spinal Cord Injury
    • ,
  • Ruediger Rupp, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Orthopedic University Hospital II, Heidelberg, Germany
    • European Multicenter Study of Human Spinal Cord Injury
    • ,
  • Armin Curt, MD

      Affiliations

    • Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
    • European Multicenter Study of Human Spinal Cord Injury
    • ,
  • Volker Dietz, MD, FRCP

      Affiliations

    • Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
    • European Multicenter Study of Human Spinal Cord Injury

References 

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  5. Maynard FM , Bracken MB , Creasey  , et al.   International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. American Spinal Injury Association . Spinal Cord . 1997;35:266–274
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  9. Scivoletto G , Morganti B , Molinari M . Sex-related differences of rehabilitation outcomes of spinal cord lesion patients . Clin Rehabil . 2004;18:709–713
  10. Kirshblum S , Millis S , McKinley W , Tulsky D . Late neurologic recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2004;85:1811–1817
  11. McKinley W , Meade MA , Kirshblum S , Barnard B . Outcomes of early surgical management versus late or no surgical intervention after acute spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2004;85:1818–1825
  12. Poynton AR , O’Farrell DA , Shannon F , Murray P , McManus F , Walsh MG . Sparing of sensation to pin prick predicts recovery of a motor segment after injury to the spinal cord . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 1997;79:952–954
  13. Waters RL , Adkins R , Yakura J , Vigil D . Prediction of ambulatory performance based on motor scores derived from standards of the American Spinal Injury Association . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1994;75:756–760
  14. Curt A , Dietz V . Ambulatory capacity in spinal cord injury (significance of somatosensory evoked potentials and ASIA protocol in predicting outcome) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1997;78:39–43
  15. Kim CM , Eng JJ , Whittaker MW . Level walking and ambulatory capacity in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury (relationship with muscle strength) . Spinal Cord . 2004;42:156–162
  16. Curt A , Schwab ME , Dietz V . Providing the clinical basis for new interventional therapies (refined diagnosis and assessment of recovery after spinal cord injury) . Spinal Cord . 2004;42:1–6
  17. Ditunno JF , Ditunno PL , Graziani V , et al.   Walking index for spinal cord injury (WISCI) (an international multicenter validity and reliability study) . Spinal Cord . 2000;38:234–243
  18. Ditunno PL , Ditunno JF . Walking index for spinal cord injury (WISCI II) (scale revision) . Spinal Cord . 2001;39:654–656
  19. van Hedel HJ , Wirz M , Dietz V . Assessing walking ability in subjects with spinal cord injury (validity and reliability of 3 walking tests) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2005;86:190–196
  20. Bohannon RW . Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years (reference values and determinants) . Age Ageing . 1997;26:15–19
  21. Wirz M , Zemon DH , Rupp R , et al.   Effectiveness of automated locomotor training in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (a multicenter trial) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2005;86:672–680
  22. Maegele M , Müller S , Wernig A , Edgerton VR , Harkema SJ . Recruitment of spinal motor pools during voluntary movements versus stepping after human spinal cord injury . J Neurotrauma . 2002;19:1217–1229
  23. Dietz V , Colombo G , Jensen L , Baumgartner L . Locomotor capacity of spinal cord in paraplegic patients . Ann Neurol . 1995;37:574–582
  24. Kwakkel G , Wagenaar RC , Twisk JW , Lankhorst GJ , Koetsier JC . Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke (a randomised trial) . Lancet . 1999;354:191–196
  25. Bracken MB , Shepard MJ , Holford TR , et al.  National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study   Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the Third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Randomized Controlled Trial . JAMA . 1997;277:1597–1604
  26. Hurlbert RJ . Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury (an inappropriate standard of care) . J Neurosurg Spine . 2000;93:1–7

 Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 320030-105324) and the International Institute for Paraplegia (grant no. P66).No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the authors or upon any organization with which the authors are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(06)00518-1

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.05.024

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 9 , Pages 1218-1222 , September 2006

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