Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 7 , Pages 967-973 , July 2006

The Effect of Environment and Task on Gait Parameters After Stroke: A Randomized Comparison of Measurement Conditions

  • Susan E. Lord, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine (Rehabilitation), Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Susan E. Lord, MSc, Dept of Medicine (Rehabilitation), Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand
    • ,
  • Lynn Rochester, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Health, Community and Education Studies, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
    • ,
  • Mark Weatherall, FRACP

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine (Rehabilitation), Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
    • ,
  • Kathryn M. McPherson, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Rehabilitation and Occupation Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
    • ,
  • Harry K. McNaughton, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.

References 

  1. Lord S , McPherson K , McNaughton H , Rochester L , Weatherall M . Community ambulation after stroke (how important and obtainable is it and what measures appear predictive?) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2004;85:234–239
  2. Hill K , Ellis P , Bernhardt J , Maggs P , Hull S . Balance and mobility outcomes for stroke patients (a comprehensive audit) . Aust J Physiother . 1997;43:173–180
  3. Perry J , Garrett M , Gronley JK , Mulroy SJ . Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population . Stroke . 1995;26:982–989
  4. Pound P , Gompertz P , Ebrahim S . A patient-centred study of the consequences of stroke . Clin Rehabil . 1998;12:338–347
  5. Patla A , Shumway-Cook A . Dimensions of mobility (defining the complexity and difficulty associated with community mobility) . J Aging Phys Act . 1999;7:7–19
  6. Woollacott M , Shumway-Cook A . Attention and the control of posture and gait (a review of an emerging area of research) . Gait Posture . 2002;16:1–14
  7. Paul S , Ada L , Canning C . Automaticity of walking—implications for physiotherapy practice . Phys Ther Rev . 2005;10:15–23
  8. Camicioli R , Howieson D , Lehman S , Kaye J . Talking while walking (the effect of a dual task in aging and Alzheimer’s disease) . Neurology . 1997;48:955–958
  9. Lundin-Olsson L , Nyberg L , Gustafson Y . “Stops walking when talking” as a predictor of falls in elderly people . Lancet . 1997;349:617
  10. Rochester L , Hetherington V , Jones D , et al.   Attending to the task (interference effects of functional tasks on walking in Parkinson’s disease and the roles of cognition, depression, fatigue, and balance) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2004;85:1578–1585
  11. Lundin-Olsson L , Nyberg L , Gustafson Y . Attention, frailty, and falls (the effects of a manual task on basic mobility) . J Am Geriatr Soc . 1998;46:758–761
  12. Chen HC , Ashton-Miller JA , Alexander NB , Schultz AB . Effects of age and available response time on ability to step over an obstacle . J Gerontol . 1994;49:M227–M233
  13. Weerdesteyn V , Schillings AM , van Galen GP , Duysens J . Distraction affects the performance of obstacle avoidance during walking . J Mot Behav . 2003;35:53–63
  14. Lajoie Y , Teasdale N , Bard C , Fleury M . Upright standing and gait (are there changes in attentional requirements related to normal aging?) . Exp Aging Res . 1996;22:185–198
  15. Brauer S , Woollacott M , Shumway-Cook A . The influence of a concurrent cognitive task on the compensatory stepping response to a perturbation in balance-impaired and healthy elders . Gait Posture . 2002;15:83–93
  16. Maylor EA , Wing AM . Age differences in postural stability are increased by additional cognitive demands . J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci . 1996;51:P143–P154
  17. Bowen A , Wenman R , Mickelborough J , Foster J , Hill E , Tallis R . Dual-task effects of talking while walking on velocity and balance following a stroke . Age Ageing . 2001;30:319–323
  18. Haggard P , Cockburn J . Concurrent performance of cognitive and motor tasks in neurological rehabilitation . Neuropsychol Rehabil . 1998;8:155–170
  19. Cockburn J , Haggard P , Cock J , Fordham C . Changing patterns of cognitive-motor interference (CMI) over time during recovery from stroke . Clin Rehabil . 2003;17:167–173
  20. Patla A . Mobility in complex environments (implications for clinical assessment and rehabilitation) . Neurol Rep . 2001;25(3):82–90
  21. McDowd J , Filion D , Pohl P , Richards L , Stiers W . Attentional abilities and functional outcomes following stroke . J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci . 2003;58:P45–P53
  22. Robertson I , Ridgeway V , Greenfield E , Parr A . Motor recovery after stroke depends on intact sustained attention (a 2-year follow-up study) . Neuropsychology . 1997;11:290–295
  23. Evans M , Goldie P , Hill K . Systematic and random error in repeated measurements of temporal and distance parameters of gait after stroke . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1997;78:725–729
  24. Asplund K , Tuomilehto J , Stegmayr B , Wester P , Tunstall-Pedoe H . Diagnostic criteria and quality control of the registration of stroke events in the MONICA project . Acta Med Scand Suppl . 1998;728:26–39
  25. Bleeker M , Bolla-Wilson K , Kawas C , Agnew J . Age-specific norms for the Mini-Mental State Exam . Neurology . 1988;38:1565–1568
  26. Macko R , Haeuber E , Shaughnessy M , et al.   Microprocessor-based ambulatory activity monitoring in stroke patients . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2000;34:394–399
  27. Dean C , Richards C , Malouin F . Walking speed over 10 metres overestimates locomotor capacity after stroke . Clin Rehabil . 2001;15:415–421
  28. Berg K , Wood-Dauphinee S , Williams JI . The Balance Scale (reliability assessment with elderly residents and patients with an acute stroke) . Scand J Rehabil Med . 1995;27:27–36
  29. Hyndman D , Ashburn A . People with stroke living in the community (attention deficits, balance, ADL ability and falls) . Disabil Rehabil . 2003;25:817–822
  30. Smets E , Garssen B , Bonke B , de Haes JC . The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) psychometric properties of an instrument to assess fatigue . J Psychosom Res . 1995;39:315–325
  31. Zigmund A , Snaith R . The hospital anxiety and depression scale . Acta Psychiatr Scand . 1983;67:361–370
  32. Tyson S , DeSouza L . The measurement of balance and walking post-stroke. Part 2: functional performance tests . Phys Ther . 2002;7:187–191
  33. Mead R . The design of experiments . Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Pr; 1988;
  34. Thorbahn L , Newton R . Use of the Berg Balance Scale to predict falls in the elderly . Phys Ther . 1996;76:576–583
  35. Abernethy B . Dual-task methodology and motor skills research (some applications and methodological constraints) . J Hum Mov Stud . 1988;14:101–132
  36. Geurts AC , Mulder TW , Nienhuis B , Rijken RA . Dual-task assessment of reorganization of postural control in persons with lower limb amputation . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1991;72:1059–1064
  37. Bond J , Morris M . Goal-directed secondary motor tasks (their effects on gait in subjects with Parkinson disease) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2000;81:110–116
  38. Persad C , Giordani B , Chen HC , et al.   Neuropsychological predictors of complex obstacle avoidance in health older adults . J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci . 1995;50:P272–P277
  39. Bogousslavsky J . Emotions, mood, and behaviour after stroke . Stroke . 2003;34:1046–1050
  40. Staub F , Bogousslavsky J . Fatigue after stroke (a major but neglected issue) . Cerebrovasc Dis . 2001;12:75–81

 Supported by the Wellington Medical Research Foundation (grant no. 2003/78).

 No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(06)00281-4

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.03.003

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 7 , Pages 967-973 , July 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution