Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 5 , Pages 688-696 , May 2006

Rapid and Extensive Arterial Adaptations After Spinal Cord Injury

  • Patricia C. de Groot, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
  • ,
  • Michiel W. Bleeker, PhD, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
  • ,
  • Dirk H. van Kuppevelt, MD

      Affiliations

    • Rehabilitation Centre St Maartenskliniek, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
  • ,
  • Luc H. van der Woude, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
  • ,
  • Maria T. Hopman, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to Maria T. Hopman, MD, PhD, Dept of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

References 

  1. de Groot PC , Van Kuppevelt DH , Pons C , Snoek G , van der Woude LH , Hopman MT . Time course of arterial vascular adaptations to inactivity and paralyses in humans . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2003;35:1977–1985
  2. Kamiya A , Ando J , Shibata M , Masuda H . Roles of fluid shear stress in physiological regulation of vascular structure and function . Biorheology . 1988;25:271–278
  3. Brownlee RD , Langille BL . Arterial adaptations to altered blood flow . Can J Physiol Pharmacol . 1991;69:978–983
  4. Delp MD , Colleran PN , Wilkerson MK , McCurdy MR , Muller-Delp J . Structural and functional remodeling of skeletal muscle microvasculature is induced by simulated microgravity . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2000;278:H1866–H1873
  5. Langille BL , O’Donnell F . Reductions in arterial diameter produced by chronic decreases in blood flow are endothelium-dependent . Science . 1986;231:405–407
  6. Schmidt-Trucksass A , Schmid A , Brunner C , et al.   Arterial properties of the carotid and femoral artery in endurance-trained and paraplegic subjects . J Appl Physiol . 2000;89:1956–1963
  7. de Groot PC , Poelkens F , Kooijman M , Hopman MT . Preserved flow-mediated dilation in the inactive legs of spinal cord-injured individuals . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2004;287:H374–H380
  8. Olive JL , Dudley GA , McCully KK . Vascular remodeling after spinal cord injury . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2003;35:901–907
  9. Pawelczyk J , Zuckerman JH , Blomqvist GC , Levine BD . Regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity after bed rest deconditioning . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2001;280:H2230–H2239
  10. Louisy F , Schroiff P , Guell A . Changes in leg vein filling and emptying characteristics and leg volumes during long-term head-down bed rest . J Appl Physiol . 1997;82:1726–1733
  11. Takenaka K , Suzuki Y , Kawakubo K , et al.   Cardiovascular effects of 20 days bed rest in healthy young subjects . Acta Physiol Scand Suppl . 1994;616:59–63
  12. Convertino VA . Clinical aspects of the control of plasma volume at microgravity and during return to one gravity . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1996;28:S45–S52
  13. Sugawara J , Hayashi K , Kaneko F , Yamada H , Kizuka T , Tanaka H . Reductions in basal limb blood flow and lumen diameter after short-term leg casting . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2004;36:1689–1694
  14. Bleeker MW , de Groot PC , Poelkens F , Rongen GA , Smits P , Hopman MT . Vascular adaptation to 4 wk of deconditioning by unilateral lower limb suspension . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2005;288:H1747–H1755
  15. Celermajer DS , Sorensen KE , Gooch VM , et al.   Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis . Lancet . 1992;340:1111–1115
  16. Bonnin P , Ben Driss A , Benessiano J , Maillet A , Pavy le Traon A , Levy BI . Enhanced flow-dependent vasodilatation after bed rest, a possible mechanism for orthostatic intolerance in humans . Eur J Appl Physiol . 2001;85:420–426
  17. Clarkson P , Montgomery HE , Mullen MJ , et al.   Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1999;33:1379–1385
  18. Fuchsjager-Mayrl G , Pleiner J , Wiesinger GF , et al.   Exercise training improves vascular endothelial function in patients with type 1 diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2002;25:1795–1801
  19. Maynard FM , Bracken MB , Creasey G , et al.  American Spinal Injury Association   International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of Spinal Cord Injury . Spinal Cord . 1997;35:266–274
  20. Gill RW . Measurement of blood flow by ultrasound (accuracy and sources of error) . Ultrasound Med Biol . 1985;11:625–641
  21. Berkenboom G , Unger P , Fontaine J . Atherosclerosis and responses of human isolated coronary arteries to endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators . J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1989;14(Suppl 11):S35–S39
  22. Levenson J , Pessana F , Gariepy J , Armentano R , Simon A . Gender differences in wall shear-mediated brachial artery vasoconstriction and vasodilation . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2001;38:1668–1674
  23. Jones PR , Pearson J . Anthropometric determination of leg fat and muscle plus bone volumes in young male and female adults . J Physiol . 1969;204:63P–66P
  24. Hopman MT , van Asten WN , Oeseburg B . Changes in blood flow in the common femoral artery related to inactivity and muscle atrophy in individuals with long-standing paraplegia . Adv Exp Med Biol . 1996;388:379–383
  25. Huonker M , Schmid A , Schmidt-Trucksass A , Grathwohl D , Keul J . Size and blood flow of central and peripheral arteries in highly trained able-bodied and disabled athletes . J Appl Physiol . 2003;95:685–691
  26. Laughlin MH , Rubin LJ , Rush JW , Price EM , Schrage WG , Woodman CR . Short-term training enhances endothelium-dependent dilation of coronary arteries, not arterioles . J Appl Physiol . 2003;94:234–244
  27. Laughlin MH , Pollock JS , Amann JF , Hollis ML , Woodman CR , Price EM . Training induces nonuniform increases in eNOS content along the coronary arterial tree . J Appl Physiol . 2001;90:501–510
  28. Green DJ , Walsh JH , Maiorana A , Burke V , Taylor RR , O’Driscoll JG . Comparison of resistance and conduit vessel nitric oxide-mediated vascular function in vivo (effects of exercise training) . J Appl Physiol . 2004;97:749–755 discussion 748
  29. Miyachi M , Tanaka H , Yamamoto K , Yoshioka A , Takahashi K , Onodera S . Effects of one-legged endurance training on femoral arterial and venous size in healthy humans . J Appl Physiol . 2001;90:2439–2444
  30. Dinenno FA , Tanaka H , Monahan KD , et al.   Regular endurance exercise induces expansive arterial remodelling in the trained limbs of healthy men . J Physiol . 2001;534:287–295
  31. Rudic RD , Shesely EG , Maeda N , Smithies O , Segal SS , Sessa WC . Direct evidence for the importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vascular remodeling . J Clin Invest . 1998;101:731–736
  32. Boot CR , Groothuis JT , van Langen H , Hopman MT . Shear stress levels in paralyzed legs of spinal cord-injured individuals with and without nerve degeneration . J Appl Physiol . 2002;92:2335–2340
  33. Hambrecht R , Adams V , Erbs S , et al.   Regular physical activity improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease by increasing phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase . Circulation . 2003;107:3152–3158
  34. Tuttle JL , Nachreiner RD , Bhuller AS , et al.   Shear level influences resistance artery remodeling (wall dimensions, cell density, and eNOS expression) . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2001;281:H1380–H1389
  35. Ziegler T , Silacci P , Harrison VJ , Hayoz D . Nitric oxide synthase expression in endothelial cells exposed to mechanical forces . Hypertension . 1998;32:351–355
  36. Castro MJ , Apple DF , Hillegass EA , Dudley GA . Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle cross-sectional area within the first 6 months of injury . Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol . 1999;80:373–378
  37. Vescovo G , Zennaro R , Sandri M , et al.   Apoptosis of skeletal muscle myofibers and interstitial cells in experimental heart failure . J Mol Cell Cardiol . 1998;30:2449–2459
  38. Zulliger MA , Montorzi G , Stergiopulos N . Biomechanical adaptation of porcine carotid vascular smooth muscle to hypo and hypertension in vitro . J Biomech . 2002;35:757–765
  39. Celermajer DS , Sorensen KE , Georgakopoulos D , et al.   Cigarette smoking is associated with dose-related and potentially reversible impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation in healthy young adults . Circulation . 1993;88:2149–2155
  40. Vogel RA , Corretti MC , Plotnick GD . Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects . Am J Cardiol . 1997;79:350–354
  41. Gokce N , Duffy SJ , Hunter LM , Keaney JF , Vita JA . Acute hypertriglyceridemia is associated with peripheral vasodilation and increased basal flow in healthy young adults . Am J Cardiol . 2001;88:153–159
  42. Hijmering ML , Stroes ES , Olijhoek J , Hutten BA , Blankestijn PJ , Rabelink TJ . Sympathetic activation markedly reduces endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2002;39:683–688
  43. Kooijman M , Rongen GA , Smits P , Hopman MT . Preserved alpha-adrenergic tone in the leg vascular bed of spinal cord-injured individuals . Circulation . 2003;108:2361–2367
  44. Eisenach JH , Clark ES , Charkoudian N , et al.   Effects of chronic sympathectomy on vascular function in the human forearm . J Appl Physiol . 2002;92:2019–2025
  45. Gerrits HL , de Haan A , Sargeant AJ , van Langen H , Hopman MT . Peripheral vascular changes after electrically stimulated cycle training in people with spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2001;82:832–839
  46. Hopman MT , Groothuis JT , Flendrie M , Gerrits KH , Houtman S . Increased vascular resistance in paralyzed legs after spinal cord injury is reversible by training . J Appl Physiol . 2002;93:1966–1972

 Supported by the Dutch Organization for Health Research and Development.No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.Reprints are not available from the author.

PII: S0003-9993(06)00109-2

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.01.022

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 87, Issue 5 , Pages 688-696 , May 2006