Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 86, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages 34-40 , December 2005

Timing of Initiation of Rehabilitation After Stroke

  • Sarah A. Maulden, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Salt Lake OI Field Office, Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, UT
  • ,
  • Julie Gassaway, MS, RN

      Affiliations

    • International Severity Information Systems Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
    • Institute for Clinical Outcomes Research, Salt Lake City, UT
  • ,
  • Susan D. Horn, PhD

      Affiliations

    • International Severity Information Systems Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
    • Institute for Clinical Outcomes Research, Salt Lake City, UT
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Susan D. Horn, PhD, Institute for Clinical Outcomes Research, 699 E South Temple, Ste 100, Salt Lake City, UT 84102-1282
  • ,
  • Randall J. Smout, MS

      Affiliations

    • International Severity Information Systems Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
    • Institute for Clinical Outcomes Research, Salt Lake City, UT
  • ,
  • Gerben DeJong, PhD

      Affiliations

    • National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC
    • Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC

References 

  1. American Heart Association . Heart disease and stroke statistics—2005 update . Dallas: AHA; 2004; Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1928. Accessed August 31, 2005
  2. Howard G , Howard VJ , Katholi C , Oli MK , Huston S . Decline in US stroke mortality (an analysis of temporal patterns by sex, race, and geographic region) . Stroke . 2001;32:2213–2220
  3. Ottenbacher KJ , Jannell S . The results of clinical trials in stroke rehabilitation research . Arch Neurol . 1993;50:37–44
  4. Gresham GE . Past achievement and new directions in stroke outcome research . Stroke . 1990;21(Suppl II):II1–II2
  5. Brandstater ME . An overview of stroke rehabilitation . Stroke . 1990;213(Suppl II):II40–II42
  6. Cifu DX , Steward DG . Factors affecting functional outcome after stroke (a critical review of rehabilitation interventions) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1999;80(5 Suppl 1):S35–S39
  7. Reding MJ , McDowell FH . Focused stroke rehabilitation programs improve outcome . Arch Neurol . 1989;46:701–703
  8. Gresham GE . Stroke outcome research . Stroke . 1986;17:358–360
  9. Dombovy ML , Sandok BA , Basford J . Rehabilitation for stroke (a review) . Stroke . 1986;17:363–369
  10. Lind K . A synthesis of studies on stroke rehabilitation . J Chronic Dis . 1982;35:133–149
  11. Dobkin BH . Focused stroke rehabilitation programs do not improve outcome . Arch Neurol . 1989;46:701–703
  12. Paolucci S , Antonucci G , Grasso MG , et al.   Early versus delayed inpatient stroke rehabilitation (a matched comparison conducted in Italy) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2000;81:695–700
  13. McNaughton H , Weatherall M , Taylor W , McPherson K . Factors influencing rate of Barthel Index change in hospital following stroke . Clin Rehabil . 2001;15:422–427
  14. Collaborative systematic review of the randomised trials of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke . Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration . BMJ . 1997;314:1151–1159
  15. Langhorne P , Pollock A . What are the components of effective stroke unit care? . Age Ageing . 2002;31:365–371
  16. Assembling evidence about stroke units . In:  Langhorne P ,  Dennis M editor. Stroke units (an evidence based approach) . London: BMJ Books; 1998;p. 20–32
  17. Ronning OM , Guldvog B . Stroke unit versus general medical wards. II: Neurological deficits and activities of daily living . Stroke . 1998;29:586–590
  18. Novack TA , Satterfield WT , Lyons K , Kolski G , Hackmeyer L , Connor M . Stroke onset and rehabilitation (time lag as a factor in treatment outcome) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1984;65:316–319
  19. Smith ME , Garraway WM , Smith DL , Akhtar AJ . Therapy impact on functional outcome in a controlled trial of stroke rehabilitation . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1982;63:21–24
  20. Speach DP , Dombovy ML . Recovery from stroke . Ballieres Clin Neurol . 1995;4:317–318
  21. Johnston MV , Keister M . Early rehabilitation for stroke patients (a new look) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1984;65:437–441
  22. Alexander H , Bugge C , Hagen S . What is the association between the different components of stroke rehabilitation and health outcomes? . Clin Rehabil . 2001;15:207–215
  23. Ballinger C , Ashburn A , Low J , Roderick P . Unpacking the black box of therapy—a pilot study to describe occupational therapy and physiotherapy interventions for people with stroke . Clin Rehabil . 1999;13:301–309
  24. Turton A , Pomeroy V . When should upper limb function be trained after stroke? Evidence for and against early intervention . NeuroRehabilitation . 2002;17:215–224
  25. Stroemer RP , Kent TA , Hulsebosch CE . Neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery after neocortical infarction in rats . Stroke . 1995;26:2135–2144
  26. Liepert J , Bauder H , Miltner WH , Taub E , Weiller C . Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans . Stroke . 2000;31:1210–1216
  27. Hagemann G , Redecker C , Neumann-Haefelin T , Freund HJ , Witte O . Increased long-term potentiation in the surround of experimentally induced focal cortical infarction . Ann Neurol . 1998;44:255–258
  28. Jones TA , Shallert T . Overgrowth and pruning of dendrites in adult rats recovering from neocortical damage . Brain Res . 1992;581:156–160
  29. Baird AE , Benfield A , Schlaug G , et al.   Enlargement of human cerebral ischemic lesion volumes measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging . Ann Neurol . 1997;41:581–589
  30. Risedal A , Zeng J , Johansson BB . Early training may exacerbate brain damage after focal brain ischemia in the rat . J Cereb Blood Flow Metab . 1999;19:997–1003
  31. Farrell R , Evans S , Corbett D . Environmental enrichment enhances recovery of function but exacerbates ischemic cell death . Neuroscience . 2001;107:585–592
  32. DeJong G , Horn SD , Conroy B , Nichols D , Healton EB . Opening the black box of post-stroke rehabilitation (stroke rehabilitation patients, processes, and outcomes) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2005;86(12 Suppl 2):S1–S7
  33. Gassaway J , Horn SD , DeJong G , Smout RJ , Clark C , James R . Applying the clinical practice improvement approach to stroke rehabilitation (methods used and baseline results) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2005;86(12 Suppl 2):S16–S33
  34. In:  Hart AC ,  Schmidt KM ,  Aaron WS editor. ICD-9-CM code book . Reston: St. Anthony’s Publishing; 1999;
  35. Carter G , Relles D , Buchanan J , et al.   A classification system for inpatient medical rehabilitation patients (a review and proposed revisions to the functional independence measure−function-related groups) . Santa Monica: RAND, UCLA, Harvard Center for Health Care Financing Policy Research; 1997; HCFA Publication No. PM-682-HCFA
  36. Carter GM , Beeuwkes-Buntin M , Hayden O . Analysis for the initial implementation of the inpatient rehabilitation facility prospective payment system . Santa Monica: RAND; 2002; CMS Publication No. 99-154
  37. Latham NK , Jette DU , Slavin M , et al.   Physical therapy during stroke rehabilitation for people with different walking abilities . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2005;86(12 Suppl 2):S41–S50
  38. Richards LG , Latham NK , Jette DU , Rosenberg L , Smout RJ , DeJong G . Characterizing occupational therapy practice in stroke rehabilitation . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2005;86(12 Suppl 2):S51–S60
  39. Hatfield B , Millet D , Coles J , Gassaway J , Conroy B , Smout RJ . Characterizing speech and language pathology outcomes in stroke rehabilitation . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2005;86(12 Suppl 2):S61–S72

 Supported by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (grant no. H133B990005) and the U.S. Army and Materiel Command (cooperative agreement award no. DAMD17-02-2-0032). The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this article are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision unless so designated by other documentation.No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the author(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(05)01184-6

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.119

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 86, Issue 12, Supplement , Pages 34-40 , December 2005