Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 85, Issue 11 , Pages 1782-1792 , November 2004

Race, employment, and spinal cord injury

  • Michelle A. Meade, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests to Michelle A. Meade, PhD, Dept of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU Medical Center, PO Box 980677, Richmond, VA 23298-0677.
  • ,
  • Allen Lewis, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Rehabilitation Counseling, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
  • ,
  • M. Njeri Jackson, PhD

      Affiliations

    • African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
  • ,
  • David W. Hess, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.

References 

  1. Castle R . An investigation into the employment and occupation of patients with a spinal cord injury . Paraplegia . 1994;32:182–187
  2. Noreau L , Shephard RJ . Return to work after spinal cord injury (the potential contribution of physical fitness) . Paraplegia . 1992;30:563–572
  3. MacKenzie EJ , Shapiro S , Smith RT , Siegel JH , Moody M , Pitt A . Factors influencing return to work following hospitalization for traumatic injury . Am J Public Health . 1987;77:329–334
  4. Murphy G , Brown D , Athanasou J , Foreman P , Young A . Labour force participation and employment among a sample of Australian patients with a spinal cord injury . Spinal Cord . 1997;35:238–244
  5. Athanasou JA , Brown DJ , Murphy GC . Vocational achievements following spinal cord injury in Australia . Disabil Rehabil . 1996;18:191–196
  6. Nakajima A , Honda S . Physical and social condition of rehabilitated spinal cord injury patients in Japan (a long-term review) . Paraplegia . 1989;26:165–176
  7. Siosteen A , Lundqvist C , Blomstrand C , Sullivan L , Sullivan M . The quality of life of three functional spinal cord injury subgroups in a Swedish community . Paraplegia . 1990;28:476–488
  8. Crisp R . Vocational decision making by sixty spinal cord injury patients . Paraplegia . 1992;30:420–424
  9. Krause JS , Anson CA . Adjustment after spinal cord injury (relationship to participation in employment or educational activities) . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 1997;40:202–214
  10. Krause JS . The relationship between productivity and adjustment following spinal cord injury . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 1990;33:188–199
  11. Krause JS . Adjustment to life after spinal cord injury (a comparison among three participant groups based on employment status) . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 1992;35:218–229
  12. Krause JS . Employment after spinal cord injury (transition and life adjustment) . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 1996;39:244–255
  13. Lin KH , Chuang CC , Kao MJ , Lien IN , Tsauo JY . Quality of life of spinal cord injured patients in Taiwan (a subgroup study) . Spinal Cord . 1997;35:841–849
  14. Hess DW , Ripley DL , McKinley WO , Tewksbury M . Predictors for return to work after spinal cord injury (a 3-year multicenter analysis) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2000;81:359–363
  15. Krause JS , Sternberg M , Maides J , Lottes S . Employment after spinal cord injury (differences related to geographic region, gender, and race) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1998;79:615–624
  16. James M , DeVivo MJ , Richards JS . Post injury employment outcomes among African-American and White persons with spinal cord injury . Rehabil Psychol . 1993;38:151–164
  17. Young ME . Vocational status of persons with spinal cord injury living in the community . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 1994;37:229–243
  18. Krause JS , Kewman D , DeVivo MJ , et al.   Employment after spinal cord injury (an analysis of cases from the Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1999;80:1492–1500
  19. Offner P , Holzer H . Forgotten men (the continuing crisis in black male unemployment, and how to remedy it) . Am Prospect . 2002;13:36–38
  20. Ellis M , Odland J . Intermetropolitan variation in the labor force participation rates of white and black men in the United States . Urban Stud . 2002;38:2327–2328
  21. Cherry R . Black male employment and tight labor markets . Rev Black Political Econ . 1999;27:31
  22. Darity W , Myers S . Persistent disparity (race and economic inequality in the United States since 1945) . Northampton (MA): Edward Elgar Publishing; 1988;
  23. Schmitz S . Race and gender discrimination across urban labor markets . New York: Garland Publishing; 1996;
  24. US Department of Labor . Table 2-A (employment status by race, sex, and age) . Washington (DC): Department of Labor; 2003; Available at: http://wwws.gov/news.release/empsit.t02.htm. Accessed October 23, 2003
  25. Anderson BE . Employment and training solutions for the economically disadvantaged (an essay) . Rev Black Political Econ . 1998;25:77
  26. Targett PS , Wilson K , Wehman P , McKinley W . Community needs assessment survey of people with spinal cord injury (an early follow-up study) . J Vocational Rehabil . 1998;10:169–177
  27. Becker GS . The economics of discrimination . Chicago: Univ Chicago Pr; 1978;
  28. National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research . A review of the literature on topics related to increasing the utilization of rehabilitation research outcomes among diverse consumer groups . Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory; 1999; April
  29. Olney MF , Kennedy J . Racial disparities in VR use and job placement rates for adults with disabilities . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 2002;45:177–185
  30. Rehabilitation Act, Pub L No. 102–569, 106 Stat 4344 (1992).
  31. Santiago AM , Villarruel FA , Leahy MJ . Latino access to rehabilitation services (evidence from Michigan) . Am Rehabil . 1996;22:10–17
  32. Walker S , Brown O . The Howard University Research and Training Center (a unique resource) . Am Rehabil . 1996;22:27–33
  33. Wilson K . Exploration of VR acceptance and ethnicity (a national investigation) . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 2002;45:168–176
  34. Wright TJ , Leung P . Meeting the unique needs of minorities with disabilities (a report to the President and the Congress) . Washington (DC): National Council on Disability; 1993;
  35. Alston RJ , Bell TJ . Cultural mistrust and the rehabilitation enigma for African Americans . J Rehabil . 1996;62:16–20
  36. Harry B . Cultural diversity, families, and the special education system . New York: Teachers College Pr; 1992;
  37. Mohr WK . Cross-ethnic variations in the case of psychiatric patients (a review of contributing factors and practice considerations) . J Psychosoc Nurs . 1998;36:16–21
  38. Institute on Rehabilitation Issues . Nineteenth Institute on Rehabilitation Issues (cultural diversity in rehabilitation) . Hot Springs: Arkansas Research and Training Center; 1992;
  39. National Association of Multicultural Rehabilitation Concerns . Proceedings of the Third Annual Summer Training Conference . Hot Springs: University of Arkansas, National Center on Employment and Disability Rehabilitation Research and Training Center; 1997;
  40. National Council on Disability . Meeting the unique needs of minorities with disabilities (report to the President and the Congress) . Washington (DC): NCD; 1992;
  41. Rehabilitation Services Administration . Rehabilitation counseling diversity videoconference (program I) . 1994; Aug 24; San Diego (CA)
  42. Rubin S , Roessler R . Foundations of the vocational rehabilitation process . Austin: ProEd; 2001;
  43. US Census Bureau, March 2000. The population profile of the United States: 2000. Available at: www.census.gov/population/pop-profile/2000/profile2000.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2003.
  44. United Nations Population Information Network. UN Population Network. Available at: www.un.org/popin/. Accessed October 1, 2003.
  45. Stover SL , DeVivo MJ , Go BK . History, implementation and current status of the National Spinal Cord Injury Database . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1999;80:1365–1371
  46. Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems. Data collection syllabus for the National Spinal Cord Injury Database: 2000–2005 project period . Birmingham (AL): National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center; 2001; p 89
  47. US Census Bureau . Alphabetical index of industries and occupations (1990 census of population and housing) . Washington (DC): Department of Commerce; 1990; Available at: www.census.gov/hhes//www/ioindex/pdfio/tech_023.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2003
  48. Center for Outcome Measurement for Brain Injury. Available at: http://www.tbims.org/combi/. Accessed May 6, 2004.
  49. Whiteneck GG , Charlifue SW , Gerhart KA , Overhosler JD , Richardson GN . Quantifying handicap (a new measure of long-term rehabilitation outcomes) . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1992;73:519–526
  50. Diener E , Emmons R , Larsen J , Griffin S . The Satisfaction With Life Scale . J Pers Assess . 1985;49:71–75
  51. Pavot W , Diener E . Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale . Psychol Assess . 1993;5:164–172
  52. Richards JS , Bombardier CH , Tate DG , et al.   Access to the environment and life satisfaction after spinal cord injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1999;80:1501–1506
  53. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Facts and figures at a glance. Available at: http://www.spinalcord.uab.edu. Accessed May 6, 2004.
  54. McKinley WO , Johns JS , Musgrove JJ . Clinical presentations, medical complications and functional outcomes of individuals with gunshot wound-induced spinal cord injury . Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 1999;78:102–107
  55. Council of Economic Advisors for the President’s Initiative on Race . Changing America (indicators of social and economic well-being by race and Hispanic origin) . Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1998;
  56. Smart JF , Smart DW . The racial/ethnic demography of disability . J Rehabil . 1997;64:9–16
  57. US Bureau of Labor Statistics . Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey . Washington (DC): BLS; 1998;
  58. Anderson B . Foreword . In:  Darity WA ,  Myers SL editor. Persistent disparity . Northampton (MA): Edward Elgar Publishing; 1998;p. xi
  59. Kazis R , Koop H . Both sides now: new directions in promoting work and learning for disadvantaged youth. A report to the Annie E. Casey Foundation . Boston: Jobs for the Future; 1997;
  60. In:  Mincy RB editors. Nurturing young Black males, challenges to agencies, programs, and social policy . Washington (DC): Urban Pr; 1994;
  61. Kim M . Has the race penalty for black women disappeared in the United States? . Feminist Econ . 2002;8:115–124
  62. Cregan C . Are things really getting better? The labor market experience of black and female youth at the start of the century . Capital Class . 2002;77:23–54
  63. Reid L . Devaluing women and minorities (the effects of race/ethnic and sex composition of occupations on wage levels) . Work Occup . 1998;25:511–537
  64. Holzer HJ . Employer skill demands and labor market outcomes of blacks and women . Ind Labor Relations Rev . 1998;52:82–99
  65. Saunders L . Relative earnings of black men to white men by region, industry . Monthly Labor Rev . 1995;118:68–73
  66. Austin BW . Repairing the breach . Dillon (CO): Alpine Guild; 1996;
  67. Fairlle R , Kletzer L . Race and the shifting burden of job displacement (1982–93) . Monthly Labor Rev . 1996;119:3–23
  68. National Urban League Inc. . The state of black America, 1995 . New York: NUL; 1995;
  69. In:  Jencks C ,  Phillips M editor. The black-white test score gap . Washington (DC): Brookings Institution; 1998;
  70. Mosby B , Atkins BJ , Klein MA . Alcoholism and blacks . J Alcohol Drug Educ . 1988;33:51–58
  71. Atkins BJ , Klein MA , Mosley B . Black adolescents’ attitudes toward and use of alcohol and other drugs . Int J Addict . 1987;22:1201–1211
  72. Moore CL , Feist-Price S , Alston RJ . VR services for persons with severe/profound mental retardation (does race matter?) . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 2002;45:162–167
  73. Feist-Price S , Harley DA . Career counseling and development strategies for African Americans with disabilities . J Appl Rehabil Counsel . 1996;27:23–29
  74. Wilson KB , Harley DA , McCormick K , Jolivette K , Jackson RL . A literature review of vocational rehabilitation acceptance and explaining bias in the rehabilitation process . J Appl Rehabil Counsel . 2001;32:24–35
  75. Soriano M . Latinos in rehabilitation (implications for culturally-appropriate counseling) . Nat Assoc Rehabil Professionals Private Sector . 1995;19:67–72
  76. Wolff T . Coalition building (is this really empowerment?) . In:  Kaye G ,  Wolff T editor. From the ground up (a workbook on coalition building and community development) . Amherst (MA): AHEC/Community Partners; 1995; p 2-13 to -18
  77. Duarte JA , Rice BD . Cultural diversity in rehabilitation. Nineteenth Institute on Rehabilitation Issues . Fayetteville: Arkansas Research and Training Center in Vocational Rehabilitation; 1992;
  78. McFarlane FR , Farley TH , Guerrero JL , Galea’I KE . Embracing diversity in rehabilitation in Pacific culture . Am Rehabil . 1996;22:20–28
  79. D’Alonzo BJ , Giordano G , Oyenque W . American Indian vocational rehabilitation services (a unique project) . Am Rehabil . 1996;22:20–26
  80. Schaller J , Parker R , Garcia S . Moving towards culturally competent rehabilitation counseling services (issues and practices) . J Appl Rehabil Counsel . 1998;29:40–48
  81. Chan F , Parker H , Lynch R . Social standing of rehabilitation counselors in medical settings . Rehabil Counsel Bull . 1986;29:205–208
  82. Fawber H , Wachter J . Job placement as a treatment component of the vocational rehabilitation process . J Head Trauma Rehabil . 1987;2(1):27–33
  83. McMahon B , Fraser R . Basic issues and trends in head injury rehabilitation . In:  Rubin S ,  Rubin N editor. Contemporary issues in rehabilitation counseling . Austin: Brookes; 1998;p. 197–216
  84. Rehabilitation Act, Pub L No. 93–112 (1973).
  85. Mount B . Benefits and limitations of personal futures planning . In:  Bradley V ,  Ashbaugh J editor. Creating individual supports for people with developmental disabilities (a mandate for change at many levels) . Baltimore: Brookes; 1994;p. 97–108
  86. Sue D , Arredondo P , McDavis R . Multicultural counseling competencies and standards (a call to the profession) . J Multicultural Counsel Dev . 1992;20:64–88
  87. American Psychological Association . Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists . Am Psychologist . 2003;58:377–402
  88. Holzer H . What do employers want? . New York: Russell Sage; 1996;
  89. Wilson WJ . When work disappears . New York: Vintage; 1996; p 31, 294–303

 Supported by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services, US Department of Education (grant no. H133N000015).

 No party having a direct interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit on the author(s) or on any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated.

PII: S0003-9993(04)00625-2

doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.05.001

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Volume 85, Issue 11 , Pages 1782-1792 , November 2004